Cleaning the molecular machinery of cells via proteostasis, proteolysis and endocytosis selectively, effectively, and precisely: intracellular self-defense and cellular perturbations

Abstract

Schematic of the regulation of the ubiquitin-protein ligases and ubiquitylation, a dynamic cellular process for stability, and induced protein folding; the ubiquitin-conjugation machinery for accurate surveillance, cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and repair, senescence, and apoptosis.

Routes of Infections, Inflammation, Immunity, Immunity Response and Inflammatory Injury: Elucidation of a Biological Fight

“…[2] When any bacteria, virus, or injurious agent triggers the release of histamine, an inflammatory secreted from mast cells, damaged lining cells of blood vessels, and platelets express the initiation of the disease phase. [3] During acute inflammation, white blood cells destroy the bacteria and eradicate tissue debris. Granulation tissue migrates and matures into stable cells for dealing with wound healing.…”

Cell Shrinkage, Cytoskeletal Pathologies, and Neurodegeneration: Myelin Sheath Formation and Remodeling

“…All in all, these disturbances in the smooth functioning initiate mutations, and in the end, several neurodegenerative disorders and other fatal diseases originate in the cellular environment (Jang et al, 2014). The route of dysfunction of cytoskeletal influences a cascade of events (mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress) and finally, initiates DNA damage and alters concerned cellular responses (Kumar et al, 2021). These investigations exposed significant clues that happened in pathophysiology (Bhatti et al, 2017).…”

The convergence of nanotechnology‐stem cell, nanotopography‐mechanobiology, and biotic‐abiotic interfaces: Nanoscale tools for tackling the top killer, arteriosclerosis, strokes, and heart attacks

“…Stem cells are opening up new horizons in therapeutics by generating new regenerative strategies, cell‐type‐specific therapy, and tissue repair. [ 8 ] The stem cell's remedies have enormous potential and the emerging interface derived with multifunctional nanomaterials, nanodevices, and nanotools can easily cop‐up with these necessities. These bionanomaterials are also essential features and they can be easily mimic cellular translating and surroundings.…”

“…[ 7 ] A necessity is there to constrain the physical microenvironment and nanotopography that can perform these activities and add desirable perturbations in the stem cell's cellular environment. [ 8 ] Hence, the nanoengineering tools and convergence of stem cells introduce several expectations to dispense the problematic challenges via their separate applications in therapeutics and theranostics, for example, can be applied for intensifying immune physiology and the up‐gradation of biomaterials for tissue engineering. [ 9 ] The cellular microenvironment of the stem cells is the key feature that pretends the potential and abilities in therapeutics to be underlined for suitable exercise.…”