Clinical Characteristics and Severity Profile of COVID-19 Patient with Hypertension in Palu, Central Sulawesi

Abstract

Corona virus infection (COVID-19) is still an unsolved problem in Indonesia until this year. Apart from Java, other islands, including Sulawesi, were also badly affected. The very high mortality rate in Central Sulawesi (3.36%) poses a challenge for health workers; therefore, they should be well informed and with up-to-date information about correct therapeutic decisions. One of the most common comorbidities that often occurs with the severity and mortality of COVID-19 is hypertension. This study aims to determine the clinical characteristics and severity profile and their relationship with the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients with hypertension in Palu, Central Sulawesi. A total of 185 data on COVID-19 patients undergoing treatment at the Palu City Hospital during 2021 and meeting the criteria were recruited as research samples. Patients were divided into two categories, hypertensive (43%) and non-hypertensive (57%). The results showed that the age group, comorbid diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels showed a significant relationship between the two groups (p < 0.05). The median length of stay was 12 days, with conditions leading to discharge (83%) and death (17%); patients who died were hospitalized in moderate and severe clinical conditions. Age group, liver function, and kidney function were positively correlated with severity and mortality. However, hypertension did not show a significant relationship with the severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients.

Scoring system for mortality prediction of in-hospital COVID-19 patients in resource-limited settings: a single center cohort study during Delta and Omicron waves

“…NLR levels >9.47 were determined to be cut-offs that were substantially linked with in-hospital mortality in Ethiopian research, according to results of multivariate logistic regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=4.73, 95% CI: 1.19,33.68, P<0.02) (20). Renal function testing using urea has demonstrated a statistically significant correlation with patient outcome (P<0.001; r=0.435) (21). Meanwhile, serological analysis revealed a strong association between COVID-19 patient outcome and CRP, ferritin, and procalcitonin.…”

Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in patients with asthma, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus

“…The increase in the patient's blood pressure is not always accompanied by the severity of the disease. This might be due to the anti-hypertensive treatment that plays a role in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) [ 23 ]. Some previous observational studies identified that RAS inhibition treatment might even reduce the risk of severe COVID-19 or mortality [ 24 ].…”

Genotype variation of ACE and ACE2 genes affects the severity of COVID-19 patients

“…We collected anthropometric and clinical data from 95 COVID-19 participants who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 (nose or throat swab real-time-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) test) who received treatment in a hospital or underwent self-isolation under the monitoring of a health facility. The COVID-19 severity category is based on our preliminary research, which refers to the NIH guidelines [ 3 , 11 ]. We also selected 91 non-COVID-19 populations from outpatient clinics without matching age or sex for the baseline group.…”

“…To date, there have been 6.8 million cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia; 50.4% of them are women, and 48% have hypertension comorbidity, with a mortality rate of 2.4% [ 1 ], which is greater than the global mortality rate of 0.9% (May 2023) [ 2 ]. Most patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 were asymptomatic, but of the patients requiring hospitalization, 86% were classified as moderate and severe, with 17% of patients died [ 3 ].…”