Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Children

Aygün, Deniz; Akçakaya, Necla; Çokuğraş, Haluk; Camcioğlu, Yıldız

doi:10.5578/ced.201922

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In this experiment, 92.8 percent of the total sputum samples showed positive results for pulmonary tuberculosis on a smear test; the fact that it poses a danger of infecting others by droplet or airborne transmission 16,17 is one reason why it could be considered a source of community contagiousness. In addition, the findings demonstrated that patients with EPTB were more likely to have pleural infections than any other type of infection, which is consistent with (9,18) in Iraq and (19,20) in Iran and Uzbekistan; further research has found that lymph nodes are to blame for nearly half of the cases of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in Iraqi Kurdistan 21 and in Turkey 22 . For instance, the genitourinary system and the skin were the two most common sites of infection in Hong Kong 23 , but in the United States, bone and joint infections were more prevalent 24 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Epidemiological Study of Prevalence TB in Iraq

AL-Kaisse

Al-Thwani

Mankhi

et al. 2023

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To assess the prevalence of tuberculosis epidemic in Iraq in terms of the age groups most affected by tuberculosis bacteria, for both gender and for all governorates of Iraq, various clinical specimens were obtained from 744 patients attending the Specialized Chest and Respiratory Disease Center / National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for tuberculosis in Baghdad between April 15 and November 14 2021 the diagnosis by direct microscopy using the Zeihl-Nelsen (ZN) stain and followed by culturing on Lowenstein-Jensen medium (LJ), for 744 clinical specimens revealed that 92(12.37%) specimens were positive by direct examination while 111(14.9%) specimens were positive by culturing on LJ medium with sputum specimens accounting for the majority of culture positive specimens 103/111(92.8%) the rate of Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) was a higher than (EPTB) extra-pulmonary (94.6%), (5.4%) respectively the most of tuberculosis cases were found in Baghdad city (62.2%) vs other governorates (37.8%) males were more affected (63.0%) than females (37.0%) and the majority of patients were aged 35–44 years (30.6%) but the lowest age group was least than 15 years (1.8%) the data above ** (P≤0.01) showed a statistically significant difference, cultivation dependence most be more sensitive than direct method and require more attention in TB control programs to healing patients. Keywords: Tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Iraq.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Epidemiological Study of Prevalence TB in Iraq

AL-Kaisse

Al-Thwani

Mankhi

et al. 2023

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“…Other studies from the region also showed comparable results. Study done in Turkey reported it as 58.9% 15 , while in a study from Philippines it was positive in 87.9% patients. 20 In our study, the most affected age group was 5-10 years of age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…14 A Turkish study noted tuberculous lymphadenitis predominance in EPTB children (32%) followed by abdominal and TBM. 15 Another study from Ghana revealed disseminated TB as the commonest site 32.8% followed by pleural 18.4%. 16 So, all these studies show variation in terms of most frequent sties of EPTB and this is why it is vital to conduct studies among different populations for determination of most common sties of EPTB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Clinical spectrum and outcome of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in children.

Mushtaq

Lodhi

Rizwan

et al. 2021

TPMJ

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Objective: To determine the types, clinical spectrum and outcome of Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) in children admitted at a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: The Children's Hospital and The Institute of Child Health, Lahore. Period: May to December 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 63 patients diagnosed with EPTB aged 1 month to 16 years were included. All patients with lung involvement were excluded from the study. Anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT) was started in all patients and outcome was monitored during the hospital stay. Results: In a total of 63 patients, mean age was 9.03+3.1 years. There were 35 (55.5%) male and 28 (44.4%) female. The mean duration of symptoms at the time of presentation was 5.93+2.4 months. The common sites of EPTB were meninges noted in 17(26.9%), pleural in 13 (20.6%), abdominal in 12 (19.04%), lymph nodes in 11 (17.4%), disseminated in 6 (9.52%) and bone and joints in 4 (6.34%) patients. The most common systemic complaints were fever in 58 (92.06%), weight loss in 48 (76.1%) and anorexia in 45 (71.4%). After treatment, fifty-four patients improved and discharged while 9 (14.2%) patients died. Conclusion: The commonest sites of EPTB were meninges, pleural, abdomen and lymph nodes. Fever, weight loss and anorexia were the most frequent systemic complaints. Most of the patients recovered while the most common cause of mortality was tuberculous meningitis.

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“…In our country, TST is used extensively in tuberculosis screening. However, TST can be affected by many factors such as BCG vaccine, immunity of the individual, application and interpretation technique of the screening tests (7) . IGRA has been used frequently in recent years, and its use is recommended in immunosuppressed patients with negative TST results or those using immunosuppressive drugs, and in TST-positive patients with poor prognosis but without any risk factor for tuberculosis disease to rule out false positivity (5) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Approaches and Knowledge Levels of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Physicians in Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis

Kara¹,

Arıkan²,

Böncüoğlu³

et al. 2021

BUCH

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Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the approaches and knowledge levels of pediatric infectious diseases research workers and pediatricians in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis under the guidelines updated by the Ministry of Health in 2019. Method: This survey is a descriptive study applied to pediatric infectious diseases research workers and pediatricians. In the study, a questionnaire form prepared by researchers consisting of questions about sociodemographic features (n: 5), knowledge level about tuberculosis (n: 20), experience and approaches (n: 13) was used. Results: Fifty physicians participated in the study. The average age of participants was 36 years, and 90% of them were women. It was observed that physicians participating in the study had sufficient knowledge of tuberculosis. In terms of their experiences about tuberculosis, it was learned that m. tuberculosis culture (86%), acid-fast-bacilli test (82%), chest radiography (78%) and tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction (66%) were used most frequently for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Most common form of non-pulmonary tuberculosis was lymphadenitis (84%), and the most challenging condition in the treatment of tuberculosis was drug side effect (78%). When drug resistance was questioned, it was seen that 60% of the physicians encountered drug resistance, and the most common drug resistance was against isoniazid (54%). The isolation measures applied to tuberculosis patients were single room admission, and use of a N95 mask in 80%, an ultraviolet protected lamp use in 22%, and negative pressure room monitoring in 32% of the cases. Conclusion: In our country, tuberculosis still retains its importance. For this reason, the information should be updated with in-service training on issues such as diagnosis, treatment, drug resistance and prevention methods

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Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Children

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Epidemiological Study of Prevalence TB in Iraq

Epidemiological Study of Prevalence TB in Iraq

Clinical spectrum and outcome of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in children.

Evaluation of Approaches and Knowledge Levels of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Physicians in Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis

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