Multi drug resistant (MDR) and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBLs) of Pseudomonas aeruginosawere detected. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium responsible for severe infections in burn’s units,plasmid DNA analysis and encoded many types of genes responsible for beta-lactamases. To determine thetype of genes responsible for beta-lactam broad spectrum in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from 100 swabsof burn’s units environment, using a molecular methods (PCR) by primers specific to ESBLs (bla ) genesoxacillin hydrolyzing capabilities OXA-10, OXA-4 and Vietnam Extended-Spectrum β-Lactame VEB-1.The results revealed that 15 strains were isolated from burn units environment. All of 15 (100%) werepositive OXA-10 and only one (6.6%) for OXA-4 while the other gene VEB-1 was found in 6 (40%) isolates.تم

Collected citrus leaves, with erumpent, callus – like lesions with a water-soaked margin of Tangerine (Citrus reticulate Blance), Mexican lemon (Citrus limon), and Sweet orang (Citrus sinensis Osbec) from different orchards in Diyala, Baghdad and Babylon Governorate of Iraq. Pathogenicity of different isolates was confirmed along with symptoms under laboratory condition on detached leaf using pin prick method, observed that 21 (60 %) isolate Xac. was highly virulent to initiate water soaked lesion and fully developed symptoms within 10 to15 days, 14 (40 %) isolate Xac. were less virulent. The results of morphological (shape, colony and color) and biochemical characteristic (gram reaction, starch hydrolysis, gelatein liquefaction, KOH test, Indole production, oxidase reaction, acid and gas production, catalase reaction, fluorescent pigmentation test and NaCl tolerant). Molecular identification was performed by PCR using specific primer J-pth1̸ J-pth2 amplicon 198 bp indicated the occurrence of CBC in Iraq.  All isolates 35(100%) were harbor  pthA gene. These represent the first report of CBC in Iraq.

Two hundred swab samples were collected from burn patients and burn units for the period, beginningfrom August 2012 to the end of April 2013 from a number of hospitals in Baghdad governorateincluding: Al-Kindi General Teaching Hospital, Al-Yarmuk General Teaching Hospital and Al-Imam AliHospital. The collected samples were cultured on different media and tested biochemically in order to findout the profile of bacteria that colonize burn patients wounds and environment of burn units. The resultsof bacterial culturing revealed that out of 200 samples, 105 samples 52.5% were observed to havebacterial growth (positive samples), while negative samples represented 95(47.5%). The profile of thebacteria in the cultured samples revealed: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 40.95% was the most common isolatefollowed by Staphylococcus aureus 20.0%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 17.1%, Escherichia coli 8.5%,Pseudomonas putida 4.76%, Enterobacter aerogenes 3.80%, Acinetobacter baumannii 2.85% andProteus mirabilis 1.90%. Forty three P. aeruginosa isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Theresults showed most isolates were potentially resistant to different antibiotics as follow, all isolates 100%had resistance to Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, and Chloramphenicol, and showed high resistance toTobramycin 95.3%, Gentamicin 93.0%, Ceftazidime 88.3%, Cefotaxime 86.0%, Piperacillin 83.7% andAmikacin 79.0%, beside illustrating low resistance to Aztreonam 67.4%, Ciprofloxacin 46.5%, andImipenem 13.9% among these antibiotics, Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic because 86.0% ofthe isolates appeared to be high sensitive to it.

To assess the prevalence of tuberculosis epidemic in Iraq in terms of the age groups most affected by tuberculosis bacteria, for both gender and for all governorates of Iraq, various clinical specimens were obtained from 744 patients attending the Specialized Chest and Respiratory Disease Center / National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for tuberculosis in Baghdad between April 15 and November 14 2021 the diagnosis by direct microscopy using the Zeihl-Nelsen (ZN) stain and followed by culturing on Lowenstein-Jensen medium (LJ), for 744 clinical specimens revealed that 92(12.37%) specimens were positive by direct examination while 111(14.9%) specimens were positive by culturing on LJ medium with sputum specimens accounting for the majority of culture positive specimens 103/111(92.8%) the rate of Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) was a higher than (EPTB) extra-pulmonary (94.6%), (5.4%) respectively the most of tuberculosis cases were found in Baghdad city (62.2%) vs other governorates (37.8%) males were more affected (63.0%) than females (37.0%) and the majority of patients were aged 35–44 years (30.6%) but the lowest age group was least than 15 years (1.8%) the data above ** (P≤0.01) showed a statistically significant difference, cultivation dependence most be more sensitive than direct method and require more attention in TB control programs to healing patients. Keywords: Tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Iraq.