Biomaterials, defined as 'materials designed to take a form that can direct, through interactions with living systems, the course of any therapeutic or diagnostic procedure' (Zhang & Williams, 2019), are used in an increasing number of medical applications (Williams, 2014a). From both engineering and regulatory perspectives, the 'form' that the biomaterials take is usually referred to as a 'device'; the interaction with living systems may occur in vivo or ex vivo. The devices have functions that range from mechanical (joint replacements, heart valves), optical (intra-ocular lenses) and electrical (cardiac pacemakers, deep brain stimulators) to those of complex systems that may incorporate the delivery of molecules to the body (prolonged release of drugs) or involve diagnostic character (imaging contrast agents, continuous glucose measurement).Of all the required properties of the biomaterials and devices, two are of profound importance. These are biocompatibility and functionality. Biocompatibility, defined as 'the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application', (Zhang & Williams, 2019) encompasses all types of interaction that can occur between the material / device and the host. These interactions can be considered negatively in the sense that they may inhibit the appropriate host response, for example being responsible for blood clots forming within intravascular devices, or positively if they promote superior host responses, for example enhanced bonding with bone in orthopaedic devices. The full spectrum of potential mechanisms of biocompatibility has not yet been identified, but much progress has been made in recent years (Williams 2008;Williams 2017a;Villanueva-Flores et al. 2020). It is difficult to itemize the required functionality characteristics of medical devices since they vary from one applications to another,