Closed circuit desalination — A new low energy high recovery technology without energy recovery

Efraty, A.; Barak, Ran Natanel; Gal, Zviel

doi:10.5004/dwt.2011.2402

Cited by 80 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…In terms of irreversibilities, the energy costs associated with losses in the RO module, the high pressure pump and the chemical energy in the brine are most significant. Losses in the RO module can be reduced through staging and/or batch processing [48]. Losses in the high pressure (HP) pump can be reduced through the use of higher performance pumps or enhanced energy recovery [36,49].…”

Section: 445mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Economics-Based Second Law Efficiency

Mistry

Lienhard

2013

Entropy

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Second Law efficiency is a useful parameter for characterizing the energy requirements of a system in relation to the limits of performance prescribed by the Laws of Thermodynamics. However, since energy costs typically represent less than 50% of the overall cost of product for many large-scale plants (and, in particular, for desalination plants), it is useful to have a parameter that can characterize both energetic and economic effects. In this paper, an economics-based Second Law efficiency is defined by analogy to the exergetic Second Law efficiency and is applied to several desalination systems. It is defined as the ratio of the minimum cost of producing a product divided by the actual cost of production. The minimum cost of producing the product is equal to the cost of the primary source of energy times the minimum amount of energy required, as governed by the Second Law. The analogy is used to show that thermodynamic irreversibilities can be assigned costs and compared directly to non-energetic costs, such as capital expenses, labor and other operating costs. The economics-based Second Law efficiency identifies costly sources of irreversibility and places these irreversibilities in context with the overall system costs. These principles are illustrated through three case studies. First, a simple analysis of multistage flash and multiple effect distillation systems is performed using available data. Second, a complete energetic and economic model of a reverse osmosis plant is developed to show how economic costs are influenced by energetics. Third, a complete energetic and economic model of a solar powered direct contact membrane distillation system is developed to illustrate the true costs associated with so-called free energy sources.Keywords: Second Law efficiency; irreversibilities; economics; desalination; cogeneration; least work of separation; cost

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Section: 445mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Economics-Based Second Law Efficiency

Mistry

Lienhard

2013

Entropy

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“…The recently emerging new closed circuit desalination (CCD) technology [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] of high-recovery and low-energy BWRO irrespective of the number of elements per module is noteworthy in particular in the context of small compact units for diverse applications, a subject matter to be discussed hereinafter. The BWRO-CCD technology [3,7,10] takes place by internal concentrate recycling with occasional replacement of brine by fresh feed and is characterized by high-recovery, low-energy consumption without need of energy recovery, reduced fouling (scaling and/or biofouling) and flexible control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CCD Series No-10: small compact BWRO closed-circuit desalination (CCD) units of high-recovery, low-energy and reduced fouling for supplied water upgrade to industry, irrigation, domestic, and medical applications

Efraty¹

2015

Desalination and Water Treatment

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A B S T R A C TThe recently emerging new closed circuit desalination (CCD) technology enables performing high-recovery and low-energy BWRO desalination of reduced fouling irrespective of the number of elements per module and thus opened the door to a new class of small compact units for diverse applications. The design aspects and performance prospects of such small compact BWRO-CCD units (<5.4 m 3 /h; <130 m 3 /d) are illustrated with modules comprising either two or three elements each (MEn with n = 2-3). Since small compact BWRO units are extensively used for supplied water upgrade to industry, irrigation, domestic and medical applications, the unique performance characteristics of said small compact CCD units of high recovery and low energy is exemplified with feed of 200-750 ppm NaCl which cover the range of 230-900 ppm of ordinary supplied water sources worldwide. The supplied water upgrade by said compact CCD units are illustrated at the level of a single-pass quality permeates as well as at the level of double-pass quality permeates of exceptionally low salinity in the range 0.13-1.54 ppm depending on the feed salinity and the membrane salt rejection characteristics. The double-pass process in these compact CCD units implicate the use of first pass permeates as feed to the second pass, thereby enabling the same unit execute either a single or a double-pass process depending on the desired quality of permeate.

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“…The fi rst paper in this series [5] describes the theoretical principles of CCD and exemplifi es the process with SWRO-CCD trials carried out with Mediterranean Water (4.1%) using an apparatus with four modules (M) each of four elements (E) -4ME4 confi guration. The trials results revealed RO energy of 1.85-2.25 kWh m −3 for 47.5 ± 1.5% recovery in the respective fl ux range 6-18 lmh with head element recovery of 7.0 ± 0.5%.…”

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confidence: 99%

Closed circuit desalination series no-2: new affordable technology for sea water desalination of low energy and high flux using short modules without need of energy recovery

Efraty¹,

Barak²,

Gal³

2012

Desalination and Water Treatment

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Closed circuit desalination — A new low energy high recovery technology without energy recovery

Abstract: ab s t r ac tClosed circuit desalination of Mediterranean water with 47.5±1.5% recovery was demonstrated in the RO energy range 1.85-2.25 kWh/m 3 for the respective flux range 6-18 lmh with head element recovery of 7.0±0.5%.

Cited by 80 publications

References 1 publication

An Economics-Based Second Law Efficiency

An Economics-Based Second Law Efficiency

CCD Series No-10: small compact BWRO closed-circuit desalination (CCD) units of high-recovery, low-energy and reduced fouling for supplied water upgrade to industry, irrigation, domestic, and medical applications

Closed circuit desalination series no-2: new affordable technology for sea water desalination of low energy and high flux using short modules without need of energy recovery

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