Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in semi-urban communities in south-western Nigeria

Abstract

SummaryBackgroundIn addition to poor socio-economic indices and a high prevalence of infectious diseases, there have been various reports of a rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, with associated morbidity and mortality in developing countries. These factors co-exist, resulting in a synergy, with serious complications, difficult-to-treat conditions and fatal outcomes. Hence this study was conducted to determine the clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors and its pattern in semi-urban communities in south-western Nigeria.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study over seven months in 11 semi-urban communities in south-western Nigeria.ResultsThe total number of participants was 1 285 but only 1 083, with 785 (65%) females, completed the data. Participants were 18 years and older, and 51.2% were over 60 years. The mean age was 55.12 ± 19.85 years. There were 2.6% current cigarette smokers, 22% drank alcohol and 12.2% added salt at the table, while 2% had been told by their doctors they had diabetes, and 23.6% had hypertension. The atherogenic index of plasma was at a high-risk level of 11.1%. Elevated total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were seen in 5.7, 3.7 and 65.1%, respectively. Prevalence of hypertension was 44.9%, diabetes was 5.2%, obesity with body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 was 5.7%, and abdominal circumference was 25.7%. Prevalence of clusters of two, three, and four or more risk factors was 23.1, 15.5 and 8.4%, respectively. Increasing age 2.94 (95% CI: 1.30–6.67), BMI 1.18 (95% CI: 1.02–1.37), fasting plasma glucose level 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00– 1.05), albuminuria 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00–1.05), systolic blood pressure 1.07 (95% CI: 1.04–1.10), diastolic blood pressure 1.06 (95% CI: 1.00–1.11) and female gender 2.94 (95% CI: 1.30–6.67) showed increased odds of clustering of two or more cardiovascular risk factors.ConclusionClustering of cardiovascular risk factors is prevalent in these communities. Patterns of clustering vary. This calls for aggressive and targeted public health interventions to prevent or reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease, as the consequences could be detrimental to the country.

The relationship between atherogenic index of plasma and major risk factors of cardiovascular disease in obese and non-obese individuals

“…It was found out in our study that CVD risk was significantly higher in individuals with high FBG. Similiar to our study, Oluyombo et al [24] showed that as FBG level increases, cardiovascular risk increases in individuals as well. The studies indicate that mortality risk related to cardiovascular events in diabetic patients was 2-6 times more than in non-diabetic patients [25].…”

Clustering of cardiovascular disease biological risk factors among older adults in Shenzhen City, China: a cross-sectional study

“…Clustering of three or more CVD risk factors was presented in 22.7% of men and 21.7% of women in South Korea 23. The proportion of adults with at least three CVD risk factors was 23.9% in Southwest Nigeria 11…”

“…According to a previous study,8 the presence of at least three CVD biological risk factors in one individual was regarded as a clustering phenomenon. Several studies have reported the clustering of CVD biological risk factors,9–11 but few studies reported the clustering of CVD biological risk factors among older adults. In China, 10.8% of the total population, or 150 million people, were 65 or older in 2016 2.…”

Selected Cardiometabolic Risk-factor Clusters of Urban Hypertensive Adults in Response to 72-hour ABU Radio Frequency Modulated (F.M.) Call for Free-medical Screening

“…It also contrasts previous reports of low prevalence of metabolic syndrome in sub-Saharan Africa. [41][42] Likewise, a 3 year population-based survey done in Egbada rural community in South-West Nigeria showed a lower prevalence of 12.9% with one cardiometabolic risk factor and lower trend with more clusters, 43 while a semi-urban study done in Dakace settlement near Zaria showed 33% having only one risk factor as well as 19% and 15% with two and three risk factor clusters respectively. 44 This further goes to show the high prevalence of CMRFC even among apparently healthy population as documented in the latter two studies done over one half to one decade ago, the burden not surprisingly higher in this hypertensive cohort.…”