Encyclopedia of Mineral and Energy Policy 2016
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40871-7_92-1
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Coalification

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“…Coal is formed from the coalification process of organic microorganism for thousands of years (4). The main components of coal are sulphur, small amounts of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and heavy metals.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Coal is formed from the coalification process of organic microorganism for thousands of years (4). The main components of coal are sulphur, small amounts of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and heavy metals.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Due to the pressure and heat, a large amount of water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbon gasses are forced out of organic matter and carbon intensifies and forms coal. Methane gas can be generated throughout coalification by biogenic that is decomposition of the organic material by bacteria (microbial decomposition) in less than 50°C and thermogenic (Occurs above 50°C) processes (Chaudhuri, 2016;Thomas, 2013). The study of coal structure has generally been conducted via diverse methods such as x-ray diffraction, solvent extraction, and oxidation reactions.…”
Section: Coal Structurementioning
confidence: 99%
“…ii) Coalification: The progressive effects of pressure and temperature are mainly responsible for developing peat into coals of increasing rank from primary brown coals (lignite and subbituminous) to hard coals (bituminous, and anthracite) as shown in Figures 1.1 and 1.2 (Bielowicz, 2013;Chaudhuri, 2016;Diessel, 1992;Flores, 2013;O'Keefe et al, 2013;Stach et al, 1982;Suárez-Ruiz and Crelling, 2008;. Coal rank is determined by specific proximate and ultimate analysis, Figure 1.2, such as those of total organic carbon, volatile matter, calorific value, vitrinite or huminite reflectance and moisture content (Bielowicz, 2013;Chelgani et al, 2010;Suárez-Ruiz and Crelling, 2008;Vassilev et al, 1996;.…”
Section: What Is Coal?mentioning
confidence: 99%