Cocaine and Metabolites in Human Graying Hair: Pigmentary Relationship

Reid, R. J.; O'Connor, Francine L.; Deakin, Alyce G.; Ivery, Delores M.; Crayton, John W.

doi:10.3109/15563659609013829

Cited by 32 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Again this supports the proposition that keratin and hair proteins play an important role in the binding of drugs in hair. Further studies in people with grey hair have shown that chlorpromazine [9], cocaine [10], amitriptyline [11] and methamphetamine [12] are found in significantly higher concentrations in pigmented hair strands than in senile white hair strands. This preference for binding to pigmented hair may be attributed to a strong ionic interaction between the positively charged drugs and the polyanionic melanin polymer that is absent in white hair.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Dose–hair concentration relationship and pigmentation effects in patients on low-dose clozapine

Kronstrand

Roman

Hedman

et al. 2007

Forens Sci Med Pathol

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Several hair components have been suggested as possible molecular sites for drug binding and interaction. Of these, keratin and melanin have been investigated in some detail in order to assess the mechanisms by which the binding occurs. Substances that are positively charged at physiological pH may interact by electrostatic forces between their cationic groups and the anionic carboxylic groups on the surface of the melanin polymer. Studies in human subjects with grey hair have shown that various drugs are detectable in both the coloured (melanin rich) and white (melanin free) hair shafts of these individuals. Again this supports the proposition that keratin and hair proteins play an important role in the binding of drugs in hair. However, drugs are often found in significantly higher concentrations in pigmented hair strands than in senile white hair strands. Another interesting question is if the concentration measured in hair reflects the dose taken. Previous reports have both verified and rejected this hypothesis, but most agree that many factors have impact on the incorporation rate, melanin being one. In this study we obtained blood and hair samples from 12 grey haired patients treated with low-dose clozapine as an adjunct medication in their treatment against Parkinson disease. Each patient's hair was divided into a pigmented and a non-pigmented portion and those were analyzed separately. Clozapine and desmethylclozapine were analyzed with LC-MS-MS after extraction of the analytes from hair and plasma. Paired results from the analysis of pigmented and white hair confirmed the preference for binding to pigmented hair for both clozapine and its metabolite. A majority of the incorporated clozapine was found in the pigmented hair but, as drugs could be detected in white hair, binding to hair protein or association with other hair matrix account for a significant part of drug accumulation in hair. High correlations between dose and the measured concentration of analyte were found for both clozapine (r = 0.91) and desmethylclozapine (r = 0.88).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Dose–hair concentration relationship and pigmentation effects in patients on low-dose clozapine

Kronstrand

Roman

Hedman

et al. 2007

Forens Sci Med Pathol

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“…Such variables include the role of environmental contamination in hair testing and adequacy of laboratory wash procedures designed to remove externally deposited drug, the role(s) of bleaching and/or other chemical treatments on the outcome of a hair test, and the role of hair pigment in drug incorporation into hair. The studies described here focus on a couple major aspects of the latter variable; the role of hair pigmentation in producing a hair color bias in drug incorporation into hair (which has been observed for many basic drugs including cocaine,3,4 codeine,5,6 amphetamine,7 phencyclidine,8 stanozolol,9 and nicotine,10 but continues to be a source of major controversy in the hair testing arena) and the fundamental physiological issue of cellular selectivity in hair cell drug uptake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influx and efflux of amphetamine and N‐acetylamphetamine in keratinocytes, pigmented melanocytes, and nonpigmented melanocytes

Borges

Martin

Meyer

et al. 2002

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…Finally, melanin concentration in hair is known to influence the extent of incorporation depending on the physicochemical properties of drugs [78,79]. Because nails do not contain melanin, the bias due to pigmentation is absent for nails.…”

Section: Nail Analysis In Comparison To Hair Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Nail analysis for the detection of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals: a review

et al. 2014

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Nails can stably accumulate substances for long periods of time, thus providing retrospective information regarding drugs of abuse and pharmaceutical use. Nails have several advantages over the conventional matrices, such as blood and urine, including a longer detection window (months to years), non-invasive sample collection, and easy storage and transport. These aspects make nails a very interesting matrix for forensic and clinical toxicology. Because of the low concentrations of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals present in nails and the complexity of the keratinized matrix, analytical methods need to be more sensitive, and sample preparation is crucial. This review summarizes the literature regarding the detection and quantification of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals in nails, as well as the employed pre-analytical and analytical techniques. Additionally, the applications of nail analysis are reviewed. Finally, an overview of the challenges of nail analysis is provided, and guidelines for future research are proposed.

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Cocaine and Metabolites in Human Graying Hair: Pigmentary Relationship

Abstract: Melaninated pigmented hair seems to bind more cocaine, cocaethylene and benzoylecgonine than white hair in the same subject.

Cited by 32 publications

References 18 publications

Dose–hair concentration relationship and pigmentation effects in patients on low-dose clozapine

Dose–hair concentration relationship and pigmentation effects in patients on low-dose clozapine

Influx and efflux of amphetamine and N‐acetylamphetamine in keratinocytes, pigmented melanocytes, and nonpigmented melanocytes

Nail analysis for the detection of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals: a review

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