Coccidia of rabbit: a review

Pakandl, Michal

doi:10.14411/fp.2009.019

Cited by 156 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Gross hepatic changes associated with coccidial lesions in the present study on the kiwi are typical of those seen in hepatic coccidial infections in other avian and mammalian host species (Critchley et al, 1986;Reece, 1989;Dai et al, 1991;Canfield & Hartley, 1992;Pakandl, 2009;O'Brien et al, 2011;Wessels et al, 2011). Most reports of hepatobiliary coccidiosis in other host species, including the magpie-lark and experimentally immunosuppressed chickens, occurred within the biliary duct epithelium (Clark, 1970;Long, 1970Long, , 1971Lee & Long, 1972;Levine & Ivens, 1972;Collins et al, 1988;Reece, 1989;Dai et al, 1991;Brunnert et al, 1992;Schafer et al, 1995;Williams et al, 1996;Pakandl, 2009). Lesions within hepatic tissue outside the biliary system have not been described previously in natural infections of any avian species, although they have been reported in wallabies and in a single goat (Canfield & Hartley, 1992;Mahmoud et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…The route of migration in other hepatic species of coccidia is unclear; however, both lymphatic and haematogenous spread have been implicated (Smetana, 1933;Horton, 1967;Pakandl, 2009). Asexual and sexual stages of E. reichenowi and E. gruis in cranes occur primarily in macrophages, and it is suggested that these species use this route to penetrate into the blood and/or lymphatic system (Novilla et al, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extra-intestinal coccidiosis in the kiwi (Apteryxspp.)

et al. 2013

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Despite significant conservation intervention, the kiwi (Apteryx spp.) is in serious population decline. To increase survival in the wild, conservation management includes rearing of young birds in captivity, safe from introduced mammalian predators. However, an increase in density of immunologically naïve kiwi increases the risk of exposure to disease, including coccidia. Intestinal coccidiosis has recently been described in the kiwi, and although extra-intestinal coccidiosis was first recognized in kiwi in 1978, very little is known about this disease entity. This study used archived histological tissues and reports from routine necropsies to describe the pathology of naturally occurring extra-intestinal coccidiosis. At least 4.5% of all kiwi necropsied during 1991 to 2011 (n0558) were affected by extra-intestinal coccidiosis, and it is estimated that it caused death in 0.9 to 1.2% of kiwi in the study group. Four forms were recognized: renal, hepatic, and, less commonly, splenic and pulmonary. At necropsy, renal coccidiosis was associated with miliary white streaks and foci through the kidneys, renomegaly, and renal pallor or congestion. Renal meronts and gametocytes were confined to the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts, and were associated with renal tubular necrosis and tubular obstruction. Hepatic miliary pinpoint foci were present throughout the hepatic parenchyma associated microscopically with macromeronts measuring 304 )227 mm. In two cases, clusters of splenic meronts were identified, and a similar lesion was identified in the pulmonary interstitium of another case. Juvenile, captive kiwi were most often affected with extra-intestinal coccidiosis, illustrating an increased expression of disease with population manipulation for conservation purposes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extra-intestinal coccidiosis in the kiwi (Apteryxspp.)

et al. 2013

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“…Eimeria oryctolagi (Pakandl, 2009). Following the infection of Eimeria sp anorexia, abdominal swelling, diarrhea and weight loss usually occurs, but the specific clinical sign for E. stiedai infection are liver swelling, bile duct widened, jaundice and persistence of white nodules in various sizes on the liver surface which containing viscous fluid and oocysts (Al-Rukibat et al, 2001;Al-Mathal, 2008).…”

Section: Eimeria Magna Eimeria Perforans Eimeria Media Eimeria Irrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the regular use may cause parasite resistance, additionally medicine residue in meat also need to be in attention concerning to consumer health disorder. Live vaccines are another method for controlling coccidiosis in domestic poultry (Pakandl, 2009;Price, 2012;Chapman and Jeffers, 2014). Nevertheless, the use of this vaccine has not been fully accepted, partly because of economic reasons, the side effects during early treatment and this vaccine only give temporary protective immunity (Williams, 2002), moreover the use of live vaccines should be followed by maintenance and good health in order to enhance the vaccine function optimally (Yang et al, 2012).…”

Section: Eimeria Magna Eimeria Perforans Eimeria Media Eimeria Irrmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Efficacies of Banana Stem Extract as a Candidate of Coccidiostat Against Rabbit Eimeria Stiedaio Ocysts: an in Vitro Analysis

Indrasanti

Indradji

Hastuti

et al. 2015

anprod

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Abstract. The objective of this research was to investigate the ability of banana stem (Musa paradisiaca) to inhibit sporulation of Eimeria stiedai oocysts derived from rabbit by in vitro analysis. Analyze the active substance proximate analysis and active substances in this research were performed too. Banana stem extract were used in this experiment and sulfaquinoxalline (Coxy®) was run as a control. The Eimeria stiedai oocysts were incubated prior the presence of different concentration from banana stem extract 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 8% for 1, 2 and 3 days at 26°C. In addition, Factorial patterned Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five replicates was applied on the experiment. Result analysis was performed by using Analysis of Variance and following by Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) post hoc test. Here, we identified that banana stem extract contain different type of active substance such as tannin, saponin, and alkaloid. Banana stem extract significantly affected the oocysts sporulation included the amount of sporulated oocysts (P<0.01), unsporulated oocysts (P<0.01), and transformed oocysts (P<0.01). In conclusion banana stem could inhibit the development of Eimeria stiedai oocysts on in vitro experiment. HSD test showed that the optimum potential efficacy of banana stem to inhibit sporulation was at 4% and 8% concentration during three days incubation. Key words: Eimeria stiedai, rabbit coccidiosis, banana stemAbstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan batang pisang (Musa paradisiaca) untuk menghambat kemampuan sporulasi ookista Eimeria stiedai kelinci melalui analisis secara in vitro. Pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan analisis proximat dan kandungan fitokimia ekstrak batang pisang. Ekstrak batang pisang digunakan pada penelitian ini dan kontrol sulfaquinoxalline (Coxy®). Ookista Eimeria stiedai kelinci diinkubasi dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda yaitu 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 8% selama 1,2 dan 3 hari pada suhu 26 °C bersama ookista Eimeria stiedai selama 1,2 dan 3 hari. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial, dengan pengulangan sebanyak 5 kali. Hasil analisis ditentukan dengan analisis variansi dilanjutkan uji lanjut Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ). Ekstrak batang pisang mengandung beberapa zat aktif yaitu tanin, saponin dan alkaloid. Ekstrak batang pisang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kemampuan sporulasi ookista yang meliputi jumlah ookista bersporulasi (P<0,01), ookista yang tidak bersporulasi (P<0,01) dan ookista yang mengalami perubahan bentuk (P<0,01). Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini bahwa batang pisang mampu menghambat perkembangan koksidia Eimeria stiedai secara in vitro. Uji BNJ menunjukkan potensi efektifitas terbaik ekstrak batang pisang diperoleh secara in vitro terhadap E. stiedai pada konsentrasi 4% dan 8% dengan lama inkubasi 3 hari.

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“…Ten of these develop in the intestines, the exception being E. stiedai (Lindemann 1865) Kisskalt and Hartmann, 1907 which is the only liver coccidium infecting the epithelium of bile ducts. Eimeria stiedai is considered to be one of the most important rabbit coccidia (Yakhchali and Tehrani 2007) together with the intestinal species, E. intestinalis and E. irresidua (Pakandl 2009). Experimental infections with E. stiedai can result in severe functional disorders and death (Hein and Lämmler 1978;Arnoni 1979, 1981).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%