Coccidiosis in Egg Laying Poultry

Ionophore coccidiostats – disposition kinetics in laying hens and residues transfer to eggs

“…Over the past 2 decades, the global poultry industry has seen tremendous growth in production in an attempt to sustain food security and strengthen the global agro-economy ( Blake et al, 2020 ). Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria which may colonize various segments of the intestinal tract of poultry ( Chapman, 2017 ). These parasites impair nutrient absorption and reduce feed conversion efficiency and weight gain or even cause death, as a result of injury to the digestive system ( Chapman, 2017 ; Blake et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria which may colonize various segments of the intestinal tract of poultry ( Chapman, 2017 ). These parasites impair nutrient absorption and reduce feed conversion efficiency and weight gain or even cause death, as a result of injury to the digestive system ( Chapman, 2017 ; Blake et al, 2020 ). Because of the severe economic losses associated with coccidiosis in poultry production, disease control and prevention typically include anticoccidial drugs and/or vaccines against coccidia to achieve sustainable productivity ( Chapman, 2017 ; Kadykalo et al, 2018 ; Blake et al, 2020 ).…”

“…In contrast to the synthetic coccidiostats, ionophore agents have demonstrated a low risk of resistance development. They typically demonstrate some therapeutic efficacy against bacteria that cause necrotic enteritis, and allow for the stimulation of natural immunity by not completely clearing the parasites from the host ( Clarke et al, 2014 ; Chapman, 2017 ).…”

Focused review: The role of drug combinations for the control of coccidiosis in commercially reared chickens

“…Ionophores have generally been found to be safe in target animals receiving an approved dosage, but a long list of clinical signs has been reported from misuse ( Dowling, 1992 ; Keshavarz and McDougald, 1982 ). Nicarbazin also has side effects in broilers under some environmental conditions ( Beers et al, 1989 ; McDougald and McQuistion, 1980 ; Wiernusz and Teeter, 1995 ) and cannot be used in layers at its approved concentrations because of affects upon egg production ( Chapman, 2017 ). A comparison of nicarbazin at 125 ppm and Maxiban at the combined approved use level of 80 ppm was undertaken in controlled environmental chambers under conditions designed to induce heat stress ( Harris and Macy, 1988 ).…”

Voltammetric Determination of Sulfaclozine Sodium at Sephadex-modified Carbon Paste Electrode

“…This disease is of worldwide occurrence and costs the poultry industry many millions of dollars every year to control. 1 Although live vaccines were introduced, prophylactic chemotherapy is still preferred for coccidiosis control in most countries. The last half of the twentieth century marked improvements in the performance of commercially reared poultry.…”