Cognitive impairments in the locked-in syndrome: A case report

New, Peter W; Thomas, Sonia J.

doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.09.005

Cited by 24 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…It is therefore not surprising that these patients showed no cognitive impairment as they were already selected based on their ability to comply with the cognitive requirements of the implemented communication device. Finally, one study [25] longitudinally assessed cognition 6, 12 and 24 months after a basilar thrombosis. Full recovery of performance was observed only after 1 year, but at this time the patient had regained motor and articulatory abilities and actually was no longer in a LIS state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive function in the locked-in syndrome

et al. 2008

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Results indicate that LIS patients can recover intact cognitive levels in cases of pure brainstem lesions, and that additional brain injuries are most likely responsible for associated cognitive deficits in the LIS. Furthermore, a systematic neuropsychological assessment in LIS patients would allow detecting their cognitive deficits,which will contribute to improve their quality of life and of communication with family and medical caretakers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive function in the locked-in syndrome

et al. 2008

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“…We can expect that this will sometimes place severe constraints on what can be reasonably ascribed to a patient with classic or total LIS. See [11,12]. Though depression has been reported among LIS patients, reports conflict on its predominance in the relevant patient population.…”

Section: Locked-in Syndromementioning

confidence: 95%

“…The authors contend that this allows for some extrapolation from a common cause of LIS and a common lesion of the ventral pons. New and Thomas reported various cognitive impairments of this individual who was diagnosed with classic LIS due to "occlusion of the basilar artery above the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and acute infarction of the pons" [15]. This individual's cognitive deficits after the brain stem insult included lower than average verbal IQ, divided attention problems at levels substantially below pre-morbid estimates, poor performance on mental arithmetic tests, significant slowness of information processing, poor performance on the object assembly subtest of the WAIS-III, problems in verbal learning tasks, and deficits in certain executive functions (e.g., mental flexibility, impulse control) [16].…”

Section: Locked-in Syndromementioning

confidence: 98%

“…This individual's cognitive deficits after the brain stem insult included lower than average verbal IQ, divided attention problems at levels substantially below pre-morbid estimates, poor performance on mental arithmetic tests, significant slowness of information processing, poor performance on the object assembly subtest of the WAIS-III, problems in verbal learning tasks, and deficits in certain executive functions (e.g., mental flexibility, impulse control) [16]. Though this report's findings require further study in other patients, it is New and Thomas's contention that his deficits suggest that other individuals with LIS with a similar profile share similar cognitive deficits [17]. 4 These caveats should not be taken as concessions to NeoCartesian theories of mind.…”

Section: Locked-in Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

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Extending Our View on Using BCIs for Locked-in Syndrome

Fenton

Alpert

2008

Neuroethics

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Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a severe neurological condition that typically leaves a patient unable to move, talk and, in many cases, initiate communication. Brain Computer Interfaces (or BCIs) promise to enable individuals with conditions like LIS to re-engage with their physical and social worlds. In this paper we will use extended mind theory to offer a way of seeing the potential of BCIs when attached to, or implanted in, individuals with LIS. In particular, we will contend that functionally integrated BCIs extend the minds of individuals with LIS beyond their bodies, allowing them greater autonomy than they can typically hope for in living with their condition. This raises important philosophical questions about the implications of BCI technology, particularly the potential to change selves, and ethical questions about whether society has a responsibility to aid these individuals in re-engaging with their physical and social worlds. It also raises some important questions about when these interventions should be offered to individuals with LIS and respecting the rights of these individuals to refuse intervention. By aiding willing individuals in re-engaging with their physical and social worlds, BCIs open up avenues of opportunity taken for granted by able individuals and introduce new ways in which these individuals can be harmed. These latter considerations serve to highlight our emergent social responsibilities to those individuals who will be suitable for, and receive, BCIs.

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“…[51,52] studied one patient who was LIS for over 12 years and observed intact performances on language, calculation, spatial orientation, right-left discrimination, and personality testing. Recently, New and Thomas [53] assessed cognitive functioning in a LIS patient 6 months after basilar artery occlusion and noted significant reduction in speed of processing, moderate impairment of perceptual organization and executive skills, mild difficulties with attention, concentration, and new learning of verbal information. Interestingly, they subsequently observed progressive improvement in most areas of cognitive functioning until over 2 years after his brainstem stroke.…”

Section: Testimonies Written By Lis Survivorsmentioning

confidence: 99%