“…With the development of gentle ionization techniques such as ESI [29,30] and MALDI [31,32] for transferring peptides/proteins into the gas phase without detrimental effects on their integrity, mass spectrometry has been used successfully to characterize metal cation (such as calcium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, mercury, nickel, potassium, sodium, and zinc) peptide/protein interactions [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. Data reveals some general findings such as various metal ions may interact differently to a peptide sequence [33,47], and the metal cation-peptide/protein bond is believed to be noncovalent [33].…”