Combating ecosystem collapse from the tropics to the Antarctic

Bergstrom, Dana M.; Wienecke, Bárbara; Hoff, John van den; Hughes, Lesley; Lindenmayer, David B.; Ainsworth, Tracy D.; Baker, Christopher M.; Bland, Lucie M.; Bowman, David M. J. S.; Brooks, Shaun T.; Canadell, Josep G.; Constable, Andrew J.; Dafforn, Katherine A.; Depledge, Michael H.; Dickson, Catherine R.; Duke, Norman C.; Helmstedt, Kate J.; Holz, Andrés; Johnson, Craig R.; McGeoch, Melodie A.; Melbourne‐Thomas, Jessica; Morgain, Rachel; Nicholson, Emily; Prober, Suzanne M.; Raymond, Ben; Ritchie, Euan G.; Robinson, Sharon A.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Setterfield, Samantha A.; Sgrò, Carla M.; Stark, Jonathan S.; Travers, Toby; Trebilco, Rowan; Ward, Delphi; Wardle, Glenda M.; Williams, Kristen J.; Zylstra, Philip; Shaw, Justine

doi:10.1111/gcb.15539

Cited by 168 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…As a result, increasing fire frequency may result in the widespread loss of these forests through transition to alternate stable states (Bergstrom et al, 2021 Considerations: Finds the temperature, velocity, dynamic viscosity, atmospheric pressure and density of a plume at a point. Gives the mean flame temperature (K), emissive power and configuration of each flame Limitations: Utilises simple models that may be improved flora() Find the proportion of each stratum that was burnt or scorched…”

Section: Context Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking fire behaviour and its ecological effects to plant traits, using FRaME in R

Zylstra

Liow

2021

Methods Ecol Evol

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1. Floral fire ecology incorporates a feedback loop in which plants influence fire behaviour and fire behaviour influences the flora. Recent advances in fire behaviour modelling have quantified many plant-based drivers of fire behaviour, but the consequent ecological effects of this have not yet been adequately modelled mechanistically.2. Here, I introduce the Fire Research and Modelling Environment (FRaME) as the open-source R package frame on GitHub. FRaME calculates the influence of plants on fire behaviour using a biophysical, mechanistic model of fire behaviour, building this into complex simulations. From these, it models heat transfer from flames into surrounding surfaces, calculating its ecological effects on plants and soils. I demonstrate the application of the central analysis functions using a detailed case study, in which I validate predictions of fire behaviour and ecological effects, and derive quantitative measures for the efficacy of different management treatments to mitigate fire risk to a vulnerable ecosystem.3. FRaME modelling predicted ecological effects such as the breaking of seed dormancy, scorch and the girdling of different tree strata, consistent with observed effects and providing insights into treatment efficacy that were not captured by existing assumptions. FRaME analyses were able to identify treatments that both increased the likelihood of success in containing fires and minimised fire impacts on a fire-sensitive ecosystem.4. FRaME provides a platform to examine the full role of fire in an ecosystem, from the ways that biota drive flammability to the influence of that flammability on the ecosystem. By mechanistically incorporating the effect of biophysical drivers throughout this feedback, FRaME can provide novel insights and solutions for complex problems, quantify risk and guide effective mitigation measures. The model is extensible, providing a conceptual framework into which emerging work on flammability and fire effects can be incorporated.

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Section: Context Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking fire behaviour and its ecological effects to plant traits, using FRaME in R

Zylstra

Liow

2021

Methods Ecol Evol

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“…We take examples of harms from published studies from around the world but focus on Australia, a continent possessing a wide diversity of food-producing industries [ 25 ], unique contemporary ecological challenges [ 26 , 27 ], and well-described anthropogenic impacts on animals [ 21 ].…”

Section: Animal Harmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The list is likewise not exhaustive, in terms of all possible food production systems, nor all types of harms. A qualitative summary, as per [ 26 ], is provided for harms broadly associated with each food production system in Table 1 .…”

Section: Summaries Of Food Production Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Harms and Food Production: Informing Ethical Choices

Hampton

Hyndman

Allen

et al. 2021

Animals

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Ethical food choices have become an important societal theme in post-industrial countries. Many consumers are particularly interested in the animal welfare implications of the various foods they may choose to consume. However, concepts in animal welfare are rapidly evolving towards consideration of all animals (including wildlife) in contemporary approaches such as “One Welfare”. This approach requires recognition that negative impacts (harms) may be intentional and obvious (e.g., slaughter of livestock) but also include the under-appreciated indirect or unintentional harms that often impact wildlife (e.g., land clearing). This is especially true in the Anthropocene, where impacts on non-human life are almost ubiquitous across all human activities. We applied the “harms” model of animal welfare assessment to several common food production systems and provide a framework for assessing the breadth (not intensity) of harms imposed. We considered all harms caused to wild as well as domestic animals, both direct effects and indirect effects. We described 21 forms of harm and considered how they applied to 16 forms of food production. Our analysis suggests that all food production systems harm animals to some degree and that the majority of these harms affect wildlife, not livestock. We conclude that the food production systems likely to impose the greatest overall breadth of harms to animals are intensive animal agriculture industries (e.g., dairy) that rely on a secondary food production system (e.g., cropping), while harvesting of locally available wild plants, mushrooms or seaweed is likely to impose the least harms. We present this conceptual analysis as a resource for those who want to begin considering the complex animal welfare trade-offs involved in their food choices.

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“…Such has been the pervasiveness of this disruption of Aboriginal Australia that few if any pristine areas exist. In this mix, the large, abundant and obvious kangaroo species are sometimes embraced but more often demonised as causal to or scapegoated for the mismanagement of collapsing ecosystems [85] or the failure to restore previously degraded landscapes in protected reserves or grazing land in the rangelands [86].…”

Section: Present-day Australiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Perils of Being Populous: Control and Conservation of Abundant Kangaroo Species

Croft

Witte²

2021

Animals

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Australia’s first people managed landscapes for kangaroo species as important elements of their diet, accoutrements and ceremony. This developed and persisted for about 65,000 years. The second wave of colonists from the United Kingdom, Ireland and many subsequent countries introduced familiar domesticated livestock and they have imposed their agricultural practices on the same landscapes since 1788. This heralded an ongoing era of management of kangaroos that are perceived as competitors to livestock and unwanted consumers of crops. Even so, a kangaroo image remains the iconic identifier of Australia. Kangaroo management is shrouded in dogma and propaganda and creates a tension along a loose rural–city divide. This divide is further dissected by the promotion of the consumption of kangaroo products as an ecological good marred by valid concerns about hygiene and animal welfare. In the last decade, the fervour to suppress and micro-manage populations of some kangaroo species has mounted. This includes suppression within protected areas that have generally been considered as safe havens. This review explores these tensions between the conservation of iconic and yet abundant wildlife, and conflict with people and the various interfaces at which they meet kangaroos.

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Combating ecosystem collapse from the tropics to the Antarctic

Cited by 168 publications

References 75 publications

Linking fire behaviour and its ecological effects to plant traits, using FRaME in R

Linking fire behaviour and its ecological effects to plant traits, using FRaME in R

Animal Harms and Food Production: Informing Ethical Choices

The Perils of Being Populous: Control and Conservation of Abundant Kangaroo Species

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