Combined exercise training in asymptomatic elderly with controlled hypertension: Effects on functional capacity and cardiac diastolic function

Abstract

SummaryBackgroundAging is associated with changes in cardiac structure and function that are associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Whether diastolic functional alterations during senescence are manifestations of the intrinsic aging process or related to cardiac adaptations to a more sedentary lifestyle is still unsettled. This was a prospective study evaluating the effects of a 6-month combined exercise training period on functional capacity and diastolic function in sedentary elderly patients with controlled arterial hypertension.Material/MethodsFunctional capacity was assessed by exercise stress test and muscle strength was evaluated by the one-repetition maximum test. Cardiac structures and function were analyzed by transthoracic echocardiography.ResultsFifteen patients, 68±8 years old, completed the training program. Exercise training significantly improved physical capacity (distance walked: 551±92 vs. 630±153 m, P<0.05; work load: 7.2±1.7 vs. 8.5±3.0 METs, P<0.05) and upper and lower extremity muscle strength (P<0.001). Arterial blood pressure significantly decreased after training (systolic blood pressure: 134±9 vs. 128±8 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure: 82±7 vs. 77±6 mmHg; P<0.05). Cardiac structures and left and right systolic and diastolic function did not change after combined training (P>0.05).ConclusionsCombined and supervised training for a 6-month period increases physical capacity and muscle strength in elderly patients with controlled arterial hypertension without changing resting left ventricular diastolic function.

Efeitos de longo prazo do treinamento resistido nos indicadores de obesidade: uma revisão sistemática

“…Significant BMI reductions were detected in 5 of them 15,21,22,25,34 and nonsignificant reductions in 3 other articles 13,19,36 . No change was observed in one article 23 and a nonsignificant increase in BMI was observed in 3 others 12,20,32 . A significant reduction in BF percentage was observed in 11 articles and a nonsignificant reduction in fat weight was observed in 2 12,13 .…”

“…In three studies 13,30,31 a time of 30 seconds to 1 minute was used to perform the repetitions. The percent load used, cited by 10 studies 12,15,20,22,23,25,[32][33][34]36 ranged from 40 to 75% 1 RM, and the load interval most frequently employed was 40 to 60% (6 studies). The interval between exercise series, cited by 6 studies 13,19,20,31,34,36 , ranged from 0 to 2 minutes, with no predominance of a specific interval (Table 2).…”

“…This result obtained in CRT studies compared to TRT studies may be explained by the higher EPOC induced by the CRT model, which increased the basal metabolic rate over a longer period of time 8 . In 8 of the 12 CRT studies that analyzed the BMI, this parameter was reduced 13,15,19,21,22,25,34,36 , in three 12,20,32 it increased, and in one 23 it did not change. These results may be explained by the low load intensity (50 to 60%) applied in most studies, which would not have induced more marked changes in muscle mass, resulting in a reduction or a small variation of BMI.…”

“…In addition, CRT includes aerobic exercises that reduce fat mass 18 . In 11 of the 16 CRT studies, the sample size was 30 subjects or less 12,13,19,20,23,25,30,[32][33][34]36 , a fact that may have led to imprecise estimates even though these studies reported significant results.…”

“…In contrast to TRT, only two CRT studies 23,24 did not use a control group, with the quality of analysis of the latter studies being more refined by permitting comparison with the experimental group. Most of the TRT and CRT studies were conducted on adults aged on average more than 30 years, with only three studies 30,32,34 using young subjects.…”