“…Raman spectral changes can reveal the metabolic processes of brain tissue [ 24 , 25 , 30 ] and can potentially be used for margin assessment, even during surgery [ 24 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Raman spectroscopy techniques have been used to study human bladder cancer, esophageal cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, cervical cancer, skin melanoma lesions, lung cancer, breast cancer, and brain tumors, not only ex vivo but also in vivo [ 15 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Besides solid tumors, Raman spectroscopy has also been used to detect vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, atherosclerotic abdominal aortic tissues, and nerve tissues, and even the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”