Combustion and grindability characteristics of palm kernel shells torrefied in a pilot-scale installation

Junga, Robert; Pospolita, Janusz; Niemiec, Patrycja

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.060

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Fig. 3(a A similar result has also been observed by other researchers [12], [13]. The fluid product after condensed with cooling water at 10°C, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Effect of Torrefaction Process on Properties of Palm Kernel Shell by Using Torrefaction Rotary Kiln

Chutwiboonkun

Thuchayapong

Tharawadee

2021

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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This research studies the effect of the torrefaction process by using a rotary kiln on torrefied biomass properties. The torrefaction rotary kiln and palm kernel shell were used in this research. An investigation focused on and studied the palm kernel shell in the torrefaction process using a torrefaction rotary kiln. The solid phase (biochar), liquid phase (condensed liquid), and gas-phase ratio were clarified. The feasibility of a palm kernel shell as renewable energy was investigated. Palm kernel shell waste is abundant in the southern region of Thailand. The waste from palm kernel shells is around 500,000 tons per year and increasing every year. The palm kernel shell (raw material) has an advantage as high calorific value. Moreover, the palm kernel shell is potentially fuel in the boiler (instead of charcoal) and is widely used in many power plants. The value of the palm kernel shell depends on the quality of biomass. To find an optimum condition in the palm kernel shell industrial process, the temperature of the torrefaction process and rotation speed were set at 230, 250, 270°C, and 1, 2, 3 rpm, respectively. The product yield, characteristics of torrefied biomass, moisture content, particle distribution, mass yield, and energy yield were reported. From the result, the solid phase product was decreased when the torrefaction temperature increased, the fluid phase product and gas-phase product were increased. The particle size after torrefaction was smaller than raw biomass. The mass yield and energy yield decreased when the torrefaction was increased. On the other hand, the mass yield and energy yield increased when rotation speed was increased. It was concluded that the optimum condition for palm kernel shell in torrefaction process was 230°C with 3 rpm. The torrefaction process can improve the properties and combustion performance of biomass. The palm kernel shell was a suitable fuel and co-burning in the economic energy plant in the torrefaction process with the optimum condition.

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“…Fig. 3(a A similar result has also been observed by other researchers [12], [13]. The fluid product after condensed with cooling water at 10°C, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Effect of Torrefaction Process on Properties of Palm Kernel Shell by Using Torrefaction Rotary Kiln

Chutwiboonkun

Thuchayapong

Tharawadee

2021

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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“…The tradeoff of the energy yield against the HHV limits the torrefaction region. Nevertheless, the torrefaction area is different with the initial condition of the untreated material, the heating rate, and the chemical composition [2,48].…”

Section: Figures 20ab and 21 Shows Measurement Results Of Voc For Mamentioning

confidence: 99%

Torrefaction of Straw from Oats and Maize for Use as a Fuel and Additive to Organic Fertilizers—TGA Analysis, Kinetics as Products for Agricultural Purposes

et al. 2020

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This publication presents research work which contains the optimum parameters of the agri-biomass: maize and oat straws torrefaction process. Parameters which are the most important for the torrefaction process and its products are temperature and residence time. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed as well as the torrefaction process using an electrical furnace on a laboratory scale at a temperature between 250-525 • C. These biomass torrefaction process parameters-residence time and temperature-were necessary to perform the design and construction of semi-pilot scale biomass torrefaction installations with a regimental dryer and a woody and agri-biomass regimental torrefaction reactor to perform a continuous torrefaction process using superheated steam. In the design installation the authors also focused on biochar, a bi-product of biofuel which will be used as an additive for natural bio-fertilizers. Kinetic analysis of torrefaction process using maize and oat straws was performed using NETZSCH Neo Kinetics software. It was found that kinetic analysis methods conducted with multiple heating rate experiments were much more efficient than the use of a single heating rate. The best representations of the experimental data for the straw from maize straw were found for the n-order reaction model. A thermogravimetric analysis, TG-MS analysis and VOC analysis combined with electrical furnace installation were performed on the maize and oat straw torrefaction process. The new approach in the work presented is different from that of current scientific achievements due to the fact that until now researchers have worked on performing processes on oat and maize straws by means of the torrefaction process for the production of a biochar as an additive for natural bio-fertilizers. None of them looked for economically reasonable mass loss ratios. In this work the authors made the assumption that a mass loss in the area of 45-50% is the most reasonable loss for the two mentioned agri-biomass processes. On this basis, a semi-pilot installation could be produced in a further BIOCARBON project step. The kinetic parameters which were calculated will be used to estimate the size of the apparatuses, the biomass dryer, and biomass torrefaction reactor.

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“…Additionally, high VOC concentrations in the tracks show that torgas can be used as a heat source for the roasting process. It was found that (257 °C, 9 min under this isothermal conditions) temperature at which during Miscanthus torrefaction process we are in the closest temperature at which mass loss of torrefied material have lost 30% of it original mass which according to the previous studies on many different biomass torrefaction process the most optimal mass loss to have the highest increase in caloric value (with a 30% mass loss we are losing only approximately 10% of energy of the torrefied biomass) [ 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 ]. At (300 °C, 6 min) there was observed closest to 50% mass loss which according to the literature is one of the most optimal mass loss for the biochar production as additive/carrier of C for fertilizers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Drying and Torrefaction Processes of Miscanthus for Use as a Pelletized Solid Biofuel and Biocarbon-Carrier for Fertilizers

et al. 2021

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Miscanthus is resistant to dry, frosty winters in Poland and most European Union countries. Miscanthus gives higher yields compared to native species. Farmers can produce Miscanthus pellets after drying it for their own heating purposes. From the third year, the most efficient plant development begins, resulting in a yield of 25–30 tons of dry matter from an area of 1 hectare. Laboratory scale tests were carried out on the processes of drying, compacting, and torrefaction of this biomass type. The analysis of the drying process was conducted at three temperature levels of the drying agent (60, 100, and 140 °C). Compaction on a hydraulic press was carried out in the pressure range characteristic of a pressure agglomeration (130.8–457.8 MPa) at different moisture contents of the raw material (0.5% and 10%). The main interest in this part was to assess the influence of drying temperature, moisture content, and compaction pressure on the specific densities (DE) and the mechanical durability of the pellets (DU). In the next step, laboratory analyses of the torrefaction process were carried out, initially using the Thermogravimetric Analysis TGA and Differential Scaning Calorimeter DSC techniques (to assess activation energy (EA)), followed by a flow reactor operating at five temperature levels (225, 250, 275, 300, and 525 °C). A SEM analysis of Miscanthus after torrefaction processes at three different temperatures was performed. Both the parameters of biochar (proximate and ultimate analysis) and the quality of the torgas (volatile organic content (VOC)) were analyzed. The results show that both drying temperature and moisture level will affect the quality of the pellets. Analysis of the torrefaction process shows clearly that the optimum process temperature would be around 300–340 °C from a mass loss ratio and economical perspective.

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Combustion and grindability characteristics of palm kernel shells torrefied in a pilot-scale installation

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of Torrefaction Process on Properties of Palm Kernel Shell by Using Torrefaction Rotary Kiln

Effect of Torrefaction Process on Properties of Palm Kernel Shell by Using Torrefaction Rotary Kiln

Torrefaction of Straw from Oats and Maize for Use as a Fuel and Additive to Organic Fertilizers—TGA Analysis, Kinetics as Products for Agricultural Purposes

Sustainable Drying and Torrefaction Processes of Miscanthus for Use as a Pelletized Solid Biofuel and Biocarbon-Carrier for Fertilizers

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