Compaction of forest soils. A review

Greacen, EL; Sands, R.

doi:10.1071/sr9800163

Cited by 583 publications

(418 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Therefore, it is necessary for runoff and erosion control to exclude above human activity from plantations. Plant roots can secure loose soil, increase the waterholding capacity of soils, hold soils against erosion (Greacen and Sands, 1980) and supply organic matter for soil. Ross and Dykes (1996) found that removal of the root mat resulted in a six fold increase in runoff and soil loss compared to the intact forest floor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of reforestation approaches on runoff control in the hilly red soil region of Southern China

Zheng

Chen

Ouyang

et al. 2008

Journal of Hydrology

113

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Summary Vegetation structure and soil properties are not only correlated with forest management practices, but also affect soil and water loss significantly. To estimate the long-term influences of regenerating forest cover on soil and water loss from degraded land, the runoff and soil loss in the context of different forest restoration approaches, including a control plot (CL) and plantations of slash pine (Pinus elliottii), Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), tea-oil camellia (Camellia oleifera), and natural secondary forest, were monitored in runoff plots over a 4-year period (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003) in a hilly red soil region in Southern China. Relevant ecological factors and management intensity, were also measured. The results indicated that the four forest restoration approaches decreased surface runoff by 63.0-88.1% and soil erosion by 75.5-97.1% compared to the control. Moreover, runoff and soil erosion in tea-camellia plantation (TCP) and natural secondary forest (NSF) plots were significantly lower than with other treatments. Canopy cover, litter fall, plant roots, plant life forms, soil properties, and vegetation structure are important ecological factors that determine the magnitude of soil loss. Vegetation structure and plant life forms are the main factors reducing surface runoff and the movement of sediments. Effective control of soil and water loss in NSF and TCP are closely related to multiply stratified communities and the presence of specific plant life forms (the herbaceous keystone species Dicranopteris linearis), respectively. In addition, the above mentioned factors were sensitive to forest management patterns, including improper mechanical cultivation. Management practices should attempt to minimize disturbances to these factors to control runoff and soil erosion in each forest management unit. In particular, mechanical cultivation should loosen the soil around the base of a tree only, instead of over the entire ground surface, in the early stages of forest restoration. ª

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of reforestation approaches on runoff control in the hilly red soil region of Southern China

Zheng

Chen

Ouyang

et al. 2008

Journal of Hydrology

113

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“…Wall and Heiskanen (2003) showed that air-filled porosity below 0.10 m 3 m -3 was associated with reduced growth of Norway spruce seedlings. Greacen and Sands (1980) cite a number of studies showing soil strength limitation occurring over a wide range of penetrometer resistance values (800 to 5000 kPa) for a variety of species and soil types. Although values reported as critical limits for root penetration depend on plant species, soil type, and how reduced root growth or plant response is defined, Bulmer (1998) used data from Greacen and Sands (1980) to calculate an average value of 2500 kPa as a limit beyond which plant roots appeared to have difficulty penetrating compacted soils.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Greacen and Sands (1980) cite a number of studies showing soil strength limitation occurring over a wide range of penetrometer resistance values (800 to 5000 kPa) for a variety of species and soil types. Although values reported as critical limits for root penetration depend on plant species, soil type, and how reduced root growth or plant response is defined, Bulmer (1998) used data from Greacen and Sands (1980) to calculate an average value of 2500 kPa as a limit beyond which plant roots appeared to have difficulty penetrating compacted soils. In a recent study of LLWR effects on seedling growth, Siegel-Issem et al (2005) considered 2000 kPa as a growth limiting value for soil mechanical resistance, while Lipiec and Hakansson (2000) considered 3000 kPa as a limiting value in their investigations of compaction.…”

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confidence: 99%

Soil compaction and water content as factors affecting the growth of lodgepole pine seedlings on sandy clay loam soil

Bulmer¹,

Simpson²

2005

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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. 2005. Soil compaction and water content as factors affecting the growth of lodgepole pine seedlings on sandy clay loam soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 85: 667-679. The response of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelman.) seedlings to three levels of soil compaction and water content was evaluated in raised beds filled with a sandy clay loam soil. In compacted soils, seedling survival, height, root collar diameter and root growth were reduced. Soil water regime was adjusted with irrigation to levels associated with plant moisture stress (near wilting point) and limiting soil aeration (near 0.10 m 3 m -3 air-filled porosity). Soil water regime affected seedling performance, with higher survival, root collar diameter and root growth observed on treatments with higher water content. Compaction had detrimental effects on growth at all levels of soil water availability. Compaction and water content had strong effects on soil mechanical resistance. Limitations to seedling growth and survival were at least partly explained through their relationships with soil water content and soil mechanical resistance, and combinations of these factors as described by the least limiting water range concept. Le taux de survie, la hauteur de la plante, le diamètre du collet et la croissance des racines diminuent avec le compactage. On a ajusté le régime hydrique par irrigation afin d'obtenir la teneur en eau qui correspondait au stress hydrique pour l'espèce (près du stade de flétrissement) et on a réduit l'aération du sol (porosité de près de 0,10 m 3 d'air par mètre cube de sol). Le régime hydrique affecte le rendement des plantules avec une hausse du taux de survie, du diamètre du collet et de la croissance des racines quand l'apport d'eau est plus élevé. Le compactage entrave la croissance peu importe la teneur en eau. Le compactage et la teneur en eau du sol influent considérablement sur la résistance mécanique du sol. La croissance et le taux de survie plus faibles des plantules s'expliquent en partie par le lien entre ces facteurs et la teneur en eau ainsi que la résistance mécanique du sol. Suit une description de la combinaison de ces facteurs selon le principe de la fourchette des teneurs en eau la moins limitante. Mots clés:Compactage, propriétés physiques du sol, disponibilité d'eau, réaction de la croissance des plantes, fourchette des teneurs en eau la moins limitante

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“…Even though the impact of soil compaction on tree growth is species specific (Froehlich 1979;Greacen and Sands 1980), compaction of forest soils plays a major part in planning soil management strategies (Bulmer 1998;Page-Dumroese et al 2000 ). Soane (1990) defined compaction as a process of soil densification caused by the application of stresses usually of short duration.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil properties influencing compactability of forest soils in British Columbia

Kržić¹,

Bulmer²,

Teste³

et al. 2004

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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Soil properties influencing compactability of forest soils in British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 84: 219-226. The widespread use of heavy machinery during harvesting and site preparation in timber plantations in British Columbia (BC) has led to concerns that compaction causes a reduction in long-term soil productivity. Impacts of properties such as total C, water content, and texture on compactability of forest soils in BC were assessed. Two compactability indices were used: maximum bulk density (MBD) and susceptibility to compaction (SC) determined by the standard Proctor test. Soil samples were collected from 16 sites throughout BC covering a wide range of biogeoclimatic zones. Soils varied in texture (12 to 87% sand, 9 to 76% silt, and 2 to 53% clay) and organic matter content (18 to 76 g kg -1 total C). A strong negative correlation was observed between MBD and gravimetric water content at which MBD was achieved (W MBD ) and between MBD and total C. Similarly, W MBD and total C had strong effects on SC. The estimation of either MBD or SC values was not substantially improved by including texture parameters to the regression equations in addition to the total C. The implication of the relationships observed in this study is that increases in soil organic matter reduce the risk of compactability, which is particularly important for forest soils where compaction is generally not corrected by implements after tree planting. The information is also useful for assessing the extent of compaction on soils affected by machine traffic.Key words: Soil compaction, Susceptibility to compaction, maximum bulk density, Proctor test, total carbon Krzic, M., Bulmer, C. E., Teste, F., Dampier, L. et Rahman, S. 2004. Propriétés exerçant une influence sur la compactibilité des sols forestiers de la Colombie-Britannique. Can. J. Soil Sci. 84: 219-226. L'usage largement répandu de machinerie lourde lors de l'aménagement des sites forestiers et de la récolte du bois en Colombie-Britannique laisse craindre un compactage qui pourrait réduire la productivité des sols à long terme. Les auteurs ont évalué l'incidence de certains paramètres comme la concentration totale de C, la teneur en eau et la texture sur la compactibilité des sols forestiers dans la province. Pour cela, ils ont utilisé deux indices : la masse volumique apparente maximale (MVAM) et la sensibilité au compactage (SC) telle qu'établie par le test normalisé de Proctor. Des échantillons de sol ont été prélevés à 16 endroits un peu partout dans la province de manière à couvrir une large éventail de zones biogéoclimatiques. La texture (12 à 87 % de sable, 9 à 76 % de limon et 2 à 53 % d'argile) et la teneur en matière organique (18 à 76 g de carbone par kg) des sols varient. On a relevé une forte corrélation négative entre la MVAM et la teneur en eau gravifique à laquelle on l'atteint (W MVAM ) ainsi qu'entre la MVAM et le C total. De même, la W MVAM et le C total exercent une forte influence sur la SC. L'inclusion des paramètres de la texture aux équations de régression,...

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Compaction of forest soils. A review

Cited by 583 publications

References 28 publications

Impacts of reforestation approaches on runoff control in the hilly red soil region of Southern China

Impacts of reforestation approaches on runoff control in the hilly red soil region of Southern China

Soil compaction and water content as factors affecting the growth of lodgepole pine seedlings on sandy clay loam soil

Soil properties influencing compactability of forest soils in British Columbia

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