Comparative Analysis of Fasting Blood Glucose and Salivary Electrolytes Concentrations among Individuals with Type II Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Hospital Based Study

Onyemaechi, Egboh Victor; Peggy, Ohwin Ejiro; Elias, Daubry Tarela Melish; Ogheneyoma, Ofulue Ofioritse; Chukwuebuka, Nwogueze Bartholomew; Ojugbeli, Evelyn Tarela; Osuagwu, Uchechukwu L.; Kingsley, Nwangwa Eze

doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.022

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Salivary electrolyte concentrations, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and bicarbonate, significantly increase with the advancement of diabetes [22][23][24][25]. It is believed that changes in the permeability of the salivary gland and blood vessel basement membranes caused by prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to significant increases in the salivary electrolytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is believed that changes in the permeability of the salivary gland and blood vessel basement membranes caused by prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to significant increases in the salivary electrolytes. Additionally, patients with diabetes often experience xerostomia due to low saliva secretion rates, which can alter the electrical conductivity of saliva [24,25]. Our team has developed a novel sensing device with miniaturized probes for measuring salivary conductivity [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Salivary Sensor with Integrated Au Electrodes and Conductivity Meters for Screening of Diabetes

et al. 2023

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The rise in diabetes cases is a growing concern due to the aging of populations. This not only places a strain on healthcare systems but also creates serious public health problems. Traditional blood tests are currently used to check blood sugar levels, but they are invasive and can discourage patients from regularly monitoring their levels. We recently developed nano-sensing probes that integrate Au microelectrodes and conductivity meters, requiring only 50 μL of saliva for measurement. The usage of the co-planar design of coating-free Au electrodes makes the measurement more stable, precise, and easier. This study found a positive correlation between the participant’s fasting blood sugar levels and salivary conductivity. We observed a diabetes prevalence of 11.6% among 395 adults under 65 years in this study, using the glycated hemoglobin > 6.5% definition. This study found significantly higher salivary conductivity in the diabetes group, and also a clear trend of increasing diabetes as conductivity levels rose. The prediction model, using salivary conductivity, age, and body mass index, performed well in diagnosing diabetes, with a ROC curve area of 0.75. The study participants were further divided into low and high groups based on salivary conductivity using the Youden index with a cutoff value of 5.987 ms/cm. Individuals with higher salivary conductivity had a 3.82 times greater risk of diabetes than those with lower levels, as determined by the odds ratio calculation. In conclusion, this portable sensing device for salivary conductivity has the potential to be a screening tool for detecting diabetes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%