Comparative analysis of histological results of visible lesion thresholds for thermal and LIB induced skin damage at 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm

Zohner, Justin J.; Stolarski, David J.; Pocock, Ginger M.; Clark, Clifton D.; Thomas, Robert J.; Cain, Clarence P.; Kumru, Semih S.; Rockwell, Benjamin A.

doi:10.1117/12.700405

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…Analyses for the 1.54 µm and 1.318 µm, nanosecond exposures have also been conducted. 9 The results of these histological examinations show the possibility of mechanical stress causing some of damage. In addition to mechanical stress related damage, there also appears to be a wavelength dependence on some of the types of damage seen.…”

Section: Histological Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared laser damage thresholds for skin at wavelengths from 0.810 to 1.54 microns for femto-to-microsecond pulse durations

Cain

Roach²,

Stolarski

et al. 2007

SPIE Proceedings

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In this paper we report on our combined measurements of the visible lesion thresholds for porcine skin for wavelengths in the infrared from 810 nm at 44 fs to 1318 nm at pulse durations of 50 ns and 350 µs to 1540 nm including pulse durations of 31 ns and 600 µs. We also measure thresholds for various spot sizes from less than 1 mm to 5 mm in diameter. All three wavelengths and five pulse durations are used extensively in research and the military. We compare these minimum visible lesion thresholds with ANSI standards set for maximum permissible exposures in the infrared wavelengths. We have measured non-linear effects at the laser-tissue interface for pulse durations below 1 µs and determined that damage at these short pulse durations are usually not thermal effects. Damage at the skin surface may include acoustical effects, laser ablation and/or low-density plasma effects, depending on the wavelength and pulse duration. Also the damage effects may be short-lived and disappear within a few days or may last for much longer time periods including permanent discolorations. For femtosecond pulses at 810 nm, damage was almost instant and at 1 hour had an ED 50 of 8.2 mJ of pulse energy. After 24 hours, most of the lesions disappeared and the ED 50 increased by almost a factor of 3 to 21.3 mJ. There was a similar trend for the 1.318 µ laser for spot sizes of 2 mm and 5 mm where the ED 50 was larger after 24 hours. However, for the 1.54 µ laser with a spot size of 5 mm, the ED 50 actually decreased by a small amount; from 6.3 Jcm -2 to 6.1 Jcm -2 after 24 hours. Thresholds also decreased for the 1314 nm laser at 350 µs for spot sizes of 0.7 mm and 1.3 mm diameter after 24 hours. Different results were obtained for the 1540 nm laser at 600 µs pulse durations where the ED 50 decreased for spot sizes 1 mm and below, but increased slightly for the 5 mm diameter spot size from 6.4 Jcm -2 to 7.4 Jcm -2

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Section: Histological Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared laser damage thresholds for skin at wavelengths from 0.810 to 1.54 microns for femto-to-microsecond pulse durations

Cain

Roach²,

Stolarski

et al. 2007

SPIE Proceedings

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“…Thresholds for the transition from healthy skin tissue function to optically induced damage are typically quantified in terms of a laser irradiation level for a given exposure duration and damage criterion. [1][2][3][4][5][6] These thresholds can vary greatly across different types of lasers, as skin and subcutaneous tissues feature different degrees of optical absorption and scattering dependent on the particular wavelength of light involved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, laser damage studies have been content to report exposure dose thresholds for a specific set of parameters, such as beam diameter and exposure duration, [1][2][3][4][5][6] and make extrapolations for untested parameters based on observed trends. The possibility of pulsed laser exposure complicates this parameter space, adding terms such as duty cycle and number of pulses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suprathreshold laser injuries in excised porcine skin for millisecond exposures at 1070 nm

et al. 2018

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Skin injury response to near-infrared (NIR) laser radiation between the minimum visible lesion threshold and ablation onset is not well understood. This study utilizes a 1070-nm diode-pumped Yb-fiber laser to explore the response of excised porcine skin to high-energy exposures in the suprathreshold injury region without inducing ablation. Concurrent high-speed videography is employed to determine a dichotomous response for three progressive damage categories: observable surface distortion, surface bubble formation due to contained intracutaneous water vaporization, and surface bubble rupture during exposure. Median effective dose (ED 50 ) values are calculated in these categories for 3-and 100-ms pulses with beam diameters (1∕e 2 ) of 3 mm (28, 35, and 49 J∕cm 2 ) and 7 mm (96, 141, and 212 J∕cm 2 ), respectively. Double-pulse cases are secondarily investigated. Experimental data are compared with the maximum permissible exposure limits and ablation onset simulated by a one-dimensional multiphysics model. Logistic regression analysis predicted injury events with ∼90% of accuracy. The distinction of skin response into progressive damage categories expands the current understanding of high-energy laser safety while underlining the unique biophysical effects during induced water phase change in tissue. These results prove to be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of NIR laser injuries.

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Supra-threshold epidermis injury from near-infrared laser radiation prior to ablation onset

et al. 2017

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Comparative analysis of histological results of visible lesion thresholds for thermal and LIB induced skin damage at 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm

Cited by 3 publications

References 13 publications

Infrared laser damage thresholds for skin at wavelengths from 0.810 to 1.54 microns for femto-to-microsecond pulse durations

Infrared laser damage thresholds for skin at wavelengths from 0.810 to 1.54 microns for femto-to-microsecond pulse durations

Suprathreshold laser injuries in excised porcine skin for millisecond exposures at 1070 nm

Supra-threshold epidermis injury from near-infrared laser radiation prior to ablation onset

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