Comparative evaluation of salivary soluble CD44 levels in periodontal health and disease

Abstract

Context:Inflammation, immunoactivation, and malignant diseases are associated with increased plasma levels of soluble CD44 (sCD44). Serum sCD44 has been recognized as a diagnostic marker in smoking-induced diseases.Aim:(1) To assess the levels of salivary sCD44 in periodontal health and disease. (2) To compare the levels of salivary sCD44 in smokers and nonsmokers. (3) To assess if salivary sCD44 levels could be used as a diagnostic marker for periodontitis.Setting and Design:A total of 60 patients were divided into three groups viz. Group A - healthy, Group B - aggressive periodontitis and Group C - chronic periodontitis (Subdivided into C1 - chronic periodontitis smokers and C2 - chronic periodontitis nonsmokers).Materials and Methods:The plaque index, gingival index (GI), probing depth and clinical attachment level; along with the radiographs were recorded. The saliva sample collected at baseline was stored at −80°C. The sCD44 levels were analyzed using ELISA.Statistical Analysis Used:ANOVA test and Mann–Whitney's test was used to compare readings between all the groups and Pearson correlation was calculated for CD44 and all the clinical parameters in each group.Results:Highest mean sCD44 was recorded in Group C2 followed by Group C1. The GI was positively correlated with CD44 levels in chronic periodontitis group. Contrary to previous reports nonsmokers subjects had higher CD44 levels as compared to smoker.Conclusion:Soluble CD44 levels were positively correlated with periodontal disease. Thus, salivary sCD44 could be considered as a one of the biomarker for periodontitis that is, aggressive and chronic periodontitis.

The association between oral hygiene and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…A total of 2,763 studies were identified from Medline and Scopus, and 1,934 studies remained after removing duplicates. Of these, 1,878 studies were ineligible for reasons described in Figure , leaving 56 that were eligible for review. Six studies were excluded because of insufficient data after contacting the authors.…”

“…Of the remaining 50 studies, 45 objectively assessed OH using an oral examination. Of these 45 studies, 15 analysed OH as categorical data, 31 as continuous data and one as both. Eleven studies provided the association between periodontitis and oral care habits measured according to the frequency of brushing, interdental cleaning and dental visits.…”

“…Among 31 studies that measured OH on a continuous scale, 25 compared OH between periodontitis and non‐periodontitis groups using the mean scores. The SMDs were highly heterogeneous ( I 2 = 95.6%), with a pooled SMD of 2.04 (95% CI: 1.59–2.50) ( Table ).…”

Cell-adhesion molecules and their soluble forms: Promising predictors of “tumor progression” and relapse in leukemia

“…33 However, sCD44 levels increased in the acute phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infection compared to healthy controls, but levels decreased in the chronic phase with advanced cardiopathy compared to healthy controls and patients with milder disease. 90 Recently, it was observed that sCD44 increases in hepatic steatosis 91 and chronic and aggressive periodontal disease, 92 and its levels correlate with the evolution of endometriosis. 93 One study analyzed sEpCAM in endometriosis, and did not find any correlation.…”

Environmental lead effects on gene expression in oral epithelial cells

“…Only a single report of this surface antigen in periodontitis, where it was shown to be increased on both epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils collected from the gingival crevice and was related to the severity of the disease . CD44 is involved in lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, and has been identified at the cellular level and in saliva related to periodontitis . CD46 acts as a cofactor for complement factor I, acts as a costimulatory factor for T cells to induce differentiation of CD4 + cells that can suppress immune responses through secretion of IL‐10.…”