Comparative evaluation of the antifungal efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and silver nanoparticles against Candida albicans

Abstract

Candida albicans is a microorganism that causes root canal infections. However, it cannot be eliminated with conventional irrigation solutions. Recently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become popular for their superior antimicrobial effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effect of AgNPs to C. albicans comparing with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction method. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of AgNPs against C. albicans strain were determined according to microdilution method reported by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. C. albicans biofilm layer was formed on the dentin blocks for 10 days. The biofilm structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed with one way analysis of variance analysis and group comparisons were performed with Tukey test. AgNPs showed the highest antifungal effect among the groups. 5.25% NaOCl showed the lowest antifungal effect among the groups. While the 2% CHX solution had a statistically lower antifungal effect than AgNPs, it was found to have a higher effect than NaOCl (p < .016). Nanoparticles present a wide research field as an alternative irrigation solution in root canal treatment. The antifungal effect of AgNPs against C. albicans was confirmed in this study. Further in vivo studies should evaluate the conditions of use and long‐term prognosis of AgNPs.

Is Silver Addition to Scaffolds Based on Polycaprolactone Blended with Calcium Phosphates Able to Inhibit Candida albicans and Candida auris Adhesion and Biofilm Formation?

“…The literature reported that silver acts in Candida spp. by disrupting its external layer, altering membrane permeability and some normal intracellular functions (e.g., silver ions interact with the thiol groups of enzymes and proteins, and bind DNA); here, we indirectly demonstrated these activities [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. In fact, as shown by the FESEM micrographs, the yeasts’ morphology was altered by the silver’s presence in the 3D scaffolds since filamentous forms were observed instead of the physiological oval shape.…”

“…In full agreement with our results, the Vazquez-Munoz research group assessed the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on C. auris planktonic and biofilm growth phases; they revealed an alteration to the usual C. auris shape, with elongated forms [ 51 ]. Additionally, other authors demonstrated the anti- C. albicans and anti- C. auris effects of AgNPs [ 25 , 26 , 52 , 53 , 54 ]. Mare A.D. and colleagues (2021), when analyzing AgNPs mediated by spruce bark extract (SBE), demonstrated their antifungal activity and inhibited biofilm production for C. albicans , C. auris , and C. guilliermondii [ 55 ].…”

“…resistance to the common antifungals used in the clinical setting, international research has also focused on the use of silver against Candida spp. [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Antibacterial Activity of Endodontic Gutta-Percha—A Systematic Review

“…Furthermore, chlorhexidine exhibits biocidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria, and, if the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is maintained, it can also inhibit Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, chlorhexidine remains active against DNA and RNA viruses and yeast, including Candida albicans [48][49][50][51][52][53].…”

Antifungal Action of Herbal Plants’ Glycolic Extracts against Candida Species

“…Several oral conditions were reported in COVID-19 patients, including fungal infections like oral thrush (oral candidiasis), particularly among those who already had a predisposing condition, and were treated with antibiotics [ 3 ]. Furthermore, Candida spp., especially Candida albicans , have a role in primary and secondary endodontic infections, acting as co-pathogens with bacteria [ 4 ], and in periodontal infections [ 5 ], in which sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine solution have limited antifungal activity [ 6 ].…”