Comparative Factor Analytic Studies of Intelligence throughout The Human Life-Span

Reinert, Günther

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-293850-4.50023-6

Cited by 120 publications

(132 citation statements)

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“…Further theoretical e!orts should aim at specifying formalisms that address the relationships between the distinctiveness of cortical representations and fundamental aspects of cognition, such as working memory capacity and processing speed. Regarding the integration of behavioral data across measurement dimensions, the demonstration that mean G reduction simultaneously accounts for age-related di!erences in mean, variability, and covariation instantiates Spearman's [32] classical notion of general brain energy being the joint cause for individual di!erences in these three aspects of behavior, and the di!erentiation}dedi!erentiation hypothesis of ability structure across the lifespan emerging from this notion [3,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many psychometric studies conducted since the 1920s found that the correlation coe$cients among subscales of intelligence tests are usually larger in older samples [3,24]. To examine the e!ect of mean G reduction on the patterns of covariation, T-scores of 100 networks after learning the long lists were correlated for each of the two network groups with their own performances after learning the short lists.…”

Section: Aging Performance Variability and Covariation Of Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Unifying cognitive aging: From neuromodulation to representation to cognition

Lindenberger

Frensch

2000

Neurocomputing

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An integrative theory relating cognitive aging de"cits observed at the behavioral level with age-related de"ciency in neuromodulation causing less distinctive cortical representations is tested in a series of neural network simulations. Age-related attenuation of catecholaminergic function is simulated by lowering the mean gain of the processing unit, which subsequently reduces responsivity and raises intra-network activation variability. Age di!erences in learning rate, asymptotic performance, interference susceptibility, complexity cost, intra-and interindividual variability, and ability dedi!erentiation can all be modeled. Together, the simulations illustrate catecholamine's role in regulating the "delity of neural information processing and subsequent e!ects leading to cognitive aging de"cits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aging Performance Variability and Covariation Of Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Unifying cognitive aging: From neuromodulation to representation to cognition

Lindenberger

Frensch

2000

Neurocomputing

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“…Baltes et al, 1980;P.B. Baltes et al, in press;Lienert & Crott, 1964;Reinert, 1970;cf. Garrett, 1946;Spearman, 1927).…”

Section: The Structure Of Intellectual Abilities In Old and Very Old Ageunclassified

Intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Cross-sectional results from the Berlin Aging Study.

Lindenberger¹,

Baltes²

1997

Psychology and Aging

427

370

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This study documents age trends, interrelations, and correlates of intellectual abilities in old and very old age (70-103 years) from the Berlin Aging Study (N = 516). Fourteen tests were used to assess 5 abilities: reasoning, memory, and perceptual speed from the mechanic (broad fluid) domain and knowledge and fluency from the pragmatic (broad crystallized) domain. Intellectual abilities had negative linear age relations, with more pronounced age reductions in mechanic than in pragmatic abilities. Interrelations among intellectual abilities were highly positive and did not follow the mechanic-pragmatic distinction. Sociobiographical indicators were less closely linked to intellectual functioning than sensory-sensorimotor variables, which predicted 59% of the total reliable variance in general intelligence. Results suggest that aging-induced biological factors are a prominent source of individual differences in intelligence in old and very old age.This article provides the first comprehensive overview summary regarding the structure and correlates of intellectual functioning as they were observed in the full sample of the intensive data protocol of the Berlin Aging Study (BASE; N = 516, mean age ---85 years, and age range = 70-103 years), an ongoing multidisciplinary and longitudinal study of old age and aging. To some degree, the present analysis replicates and extends two earlier articles that were based on an initial subset of BASE research participants (N =

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“…They proposed that, because cognitive abilities decline with adult age, their age-based dedifferentiation could be explained by Spearman's (1927) hypothesis that abilities are more closely related at lower levels. Comprehensively surveying the extant body of research at the time, Reinert (1970) acknowledged a predominance of findings in favor of age differentiation followed by dedifferentiation but raised concerns about methodological shortcomings and uncertainties. He thus concluded "the available data do not allow for a clear-cut description of life-span changes in factor structure of intelligence" (p. 479).…”

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confidence: 99%

Adult age trends in the relations among cognitive abilities.

Tucker‐Drob

Salthouse

2008

Psychology and Aging

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Adult age (24 years to 91 years) was examined as a potential moderator of the relations among cognitive abilities in an aggregate dataset based on studies conducted at the Cognitive Aging Lab at the University of Virginia (N = 2,227). A novel approach was applied by which the manifestations of latent ability factors were free to differ across age groups, and age trends in the interrelations among the factors were tested. Contrary to the dedifferentiation hypothesis, there was no evidence for systematic increases in the magnitudes of relations among cognitive abilities. Conventional analytic procedures replicated these findings. Keywordsaging; dedifferentiation; cognitive abilities; intelligence; measurement invariance Spearman (1904) was the first to establish that all cognitive variables are positively related to one another. He was also among the first to propose moderators of the magnitudes of these relations (Spearman, 1927). In particular, Spearman (1927) hypothesized that ability level modifies the magnitude of ability covariation such that ability interrelations are weaker at higher ability levels. He reasoned that at lower ability levels, a scarcity of domain-general resources constrains performance across a wide range of behaviors, whereas at higher ability levels, domain-general resources are profuse, and behavior is instead limited by the quality of domain-specific structures. Garrett (1938Garrett ( , 1946) applied Spearman's hypothesis to childhood development by arguing that "abstract or symbol intelligence changes in its organization as age increases from a fairly unified and general ability to a loosely organized group of abilities or factors" (Garrett, 1946, p. 373). He termed this conjecture the differentiation hypothesis. Balinsky (1941) similarly examined Spearman's hypothesis in both development and aging, and on the basis of his crosssectional analyses of the Wechsler-Bellevue standardization sample, Balinsky observed that "less of the variance can be accounted for by a single factor through the age group 25 to 29, while more and more of the variance can be so accounted for as the higher age groups are reached" (p. 227). Balinsky concluded that "there is a greater specialization up to a certain point, followed by a later reintegration of the various abilities into a flexible whole" (p. 227). Hence, the hypothesis that abilities become more highly related with adult age has come to be termed reintegration or dedifferentiation (see also Baltes, Cornelius, Spiro, Nesselroade, & Willis, 1980 McHugh and Owens (1954) supported the dedifferentiation hypothesis in a 31-year longitudinal sample of adults (the mean age at their first testing was 19 years). Lienert and Crott (1964) found cross-sectional support for differentiation followed by dedifferentiation in samples of children, adolescents, and adults. They proposed that, because cognitive abilities decline with adult age, their age-based dedifferentiation could be explained by Spearman's (1927) hypothesis that abilities are more closely...

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Comparative Factor Analytic Studies of Intelligence throughout The Human Life-Span

Cited by 120 publications

References 0 publications

Unifying cognitive aging: From neuromodulation to representation to cognition

Unifying cognitive aging: From neuromodulation to representation to cognition

Intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Cross-sectional results from the Berlin Aging Study.

Adult age trends in the relations among cognitive abilities.

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