Comparative Study of Indoor Propagation Model Below and Above 6 GHz for 5G Wireless Networks

Abstract

It has been widely speculated that the performance of the next generation based wireless network should meet a transmission speed on the order of 1000 times more than the current cellular communication systems. The frequency bands above 6 GHz have received significant attention lately as a prospective band for next generation 5G systems. The propagation characteristics for 5G networks need to be fully understood for the 5G system design. This paper presents the channel propagation characteristics for a 5G system in line of sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios. The diffraction loss (DL) and frequency drop (FD) are investigated based on collected measurement data. Indoor measurement results obtained using a high-resolution channel sounder equipped with directional horn antennas at 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz as a comparative study of the two bands below and above 6 GHz. The parameters for path loss using different path loss models of single and multi-frequencies have been estimated. The excess delay, root mean square (RMS) delay spread and the power delay profile of received paths are analyzed. The results of the path loss models show that the path loss exponent (PLE) in this indoor environment is less than the free space path loss exponent for LOS scenario at both frequencies. Moreover, the PLE is not frequency dependent. The 3GPP path loss models for single and multi-frequency in LOS scenarios have good performance in terms of PLE that is as reliable as the physically-based models. Based on the proposed models, the diffraction loss at 28 GHz is approximately twice the diffraction loss at 3.5 GHz. The findings of the power delay profile and RMS delay spread indicate that these parameters are comparable for frequency bands below and above 6 GHz.

Cellular Communications Coverage Prediction Techniques: A Survey and Comparison

“…$% , 5 PL in dB at a close-in (CI) distance, 5 is 1 m, žŸ (» is the modelling of the shadow fading (SF) as a zero-mean Gaussian-distributed random variable, Ÿ symbolizes the standard deviation (shadowing effect). The Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) method is used for the derivation of PLE and minimum standard deviation [125].…”

“…where ¹ and ˆ are constant coefficients indicating the effect of frequency and distance on PL, Á is denoted as an optimized offset value for PL, is the carrier frequency and ž / • is a Gaussian random variable with a standard deviation of Ÿ / • . The ABG model is resolved by the MMSE method to reduce Ÿ by simultaneously calculating for ¹, Á, and ˆ [125].…”

Optimizing the Number of Fog Nodes for Finite Fog Radio Access Networks under Multi-Slope Path Loss Model

“…In the inverse power-law path loss models, the impacts of the environment (outdoor, indoor, rural, urban, suburban, etc.) on the path loss is reflected by the value of the PLE [36][37][38][39]. The path loss models of interest are defined as follows.…”

Path Loss Characterization in an Indoor Laboratory Environment at 3.7 GHz in Line-Of-Sight Condition

“…In fact, some studies have been done, and describe that the bands below 6 GHz work as the main access link for indoor communications, as well as how these will bring more than 600 MHz available for 5G deployment. [9], [11][12].…”