Comparing the Radiative Forcings of the Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions From Chile and Mexico

Abstract

Short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) are compounds that originate either from natural sources or human activity. In broad terms, SLCFs are atmospheric compounds that can have a substantial effect on the climate and global warming, but have a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of a few days to a decade compared to long-lived greenhouse gases (e.g., carbon dioxide [CO 2 ]) which can have lifetimes of hundreds of years. SLCFs include both gaseous compounds such as methane (CH 4 ) and hydrofluorocarbons, and aerosols such as black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfate (Stohl et al., 2015;UNEP, 2011).Out of all SLCFs, especially BC and CH 4 are attributed a warming effect on the climate, as they absorb shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiation, respectively (Smith & Mizrahi, 2013). In addition, many SLCFs, including BC, OC, and sulfate, contribute to air pollution, which has become a central issue in most of the metropolitan areas worldwide (Krzyzanowski et al., 2014). Recently, Burnett et al. (2018) suggested that outdoor particulate air pollution could be attributable to 8.9 million deaths globally in 2015, whereas some previous estimates lie between 2 and 4 million annually (Forouzanfar et al., 2016;Silva et al., 2013). Consequently, SLCF mitigation is seen as an attractive option to improve local air quality, and mitigation of particularly warming SLCF is seen as an option to "buy time" for adapting to global warming (Bowerman et al., 2013;CCAC & UNEP, 2016).BC is a SLCF that is assumed to play a major role in global warming (AMAP, 2015;Bond et al., 2013). However, many recent studies found that the warming effect of BC aerosol might be lower than originally estimated (

Insect Herbivory Caused Plant Stress Emissions Increases the Negative Radiative Forcing of Aerosols

“…Thus, in order to better separate the changes in cloud properties due to changes in VOC emissions, we conducted Gaussian filtering to smooth the 2D data in the results section following the approach of Miinalainen et al. (2021).…”

“…In addition, as the length of the winter is long especially in the Northern Hemisphere the snow and ice covers can affect the surface albedo, even during summer months, causing a strong spatial and temporal fluctuation in aerosol radiative effects. Thus, in order to better separate the changes in cloud properties due to changes in VOC emissions, we conducted Gaussian filtering to smooth the 2D data in the results section following the approach of Miinalainen et al (2021).…”

The Role of Aerosol‐Radiation Interaction in the Meteorology Prediction at the Weather Scale in the Numerical Weather Prediction Model

“…However, the research that considers the ARI in the NWP model has been limited due to the complicated aerosol processes and the vast calculation cost (Bauer et al., 2015; J. L. F. Li, Lee, et al., 2014; Mulcahy et al., 2014). In recent years, with the development of supercomputers, people have tended to focus on the impact of ARI on the weather (Dagan et al., 2021; Ding et al., 2013; Miinalainen et al., 2021; Myhre et al., 2013), but these studies are far from enough to understand the role of the ARI in the NWP model, especially in areas with heavy aerosol pollution.…”