Comparison between D‐dimer levels in diabetic and non‐diabetic positive COVID‐19 adult patients: A hospital‐based study

Abstract

Background: Diabetes is one of the most common associated comorbidity with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia patients.Coagulation disorders with D-dimer levels are increased in both diseases. This study aimed to compare the levels of D-dimer in DM and non-DM patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and correlate it with the disease severity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional hospital-based study. It was conducted at royal care hospital, isolation COVID-19 Centre in 2021. The study included 130 patients with COVID-19 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through a structured datasheet. The disease was diagnosed by a nasal swab polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Participants were divided into diabetics and non-diabetics depending on the history from the datasheet. The data were analysed with Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 23. Results:The study showed that 73.1% of the participants were males and 26.9% were females. The most frequent age group was >65 years. The percentages of diabetics and non-diabetics, among the study participants, were found to be 41.5% and 58.5%, respectively. Moreover, 52.3% were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).This study revealed that D-dimer was higher compared with diabetes mellitus. The diabetics were associated with higher levels of D-dimer compared to non-diabetics.Regarding the correlation between the level of D-dimer and severity of COVID-19, it was found that there is a significant association, as the ICU patients were associated with higher levels of D-dimer in comparison with non-ICU patients. Conclusion:This study concluded that there is a significant association between the high D-dimer level and severity of COVID-19 among diabetic patients.

The relationship of D-Dimer level with various diseases

“…The data analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 26, Categorical variables were described as frequency rates and percentages, and continuous variables were described using mean and Pearson Correlation(R), qui Squair, P-Value. The obtained results in a table (6 ) prove that correlation between D. Dimer, the table noted that there is a relationship between D Dimer and Age and chronic diseases, p-value < & = 0.05, and there is not a significant relationship between D Dimer and Type of infection and gender p-value < 0.05. 556 Patients' cases were collected from private and governmental laboratories, isolation and health care centers in the Derna, Al-Qubba City, and its surrounding areas.…”

“…Figure (5) The Figure illustrates the relationship between D. Dimer Result and Chronic Disease that the blood pressure was the highest followed by pneumonia, diabetes Miletus, Anemia, kidney disease, and Heart disease. It is apparent from the results in figure (6) that The Relationship between D. Dimer Result and Gender is that males have higher results than females. The obtained results in table (6) prove that correlation between D. Dimer, the table noted that there is a relationship between D Dimer and Age & chronic diseases, p-value < & = 0.05, and there is not a significant relationship between D Dimer and Type of infection and gender p-value < 0.05.…”

“…It is apparent from the results in figure (6) that The Relationship between D. Dimer Result and Gender is that males have higher results than females. The obtained results in table (6) prove that correlation between D. Dimer, the table noted that there is a relationship between D Dimer and Age & chronic diseases, p-value < & = 0.05, and there is not a significant relationship between D Dimer and Type of infection and gender p-value < 0.05. The obtained results prove that among the results obtained from this study there is a strong relationship between age and chronic diseases and an increase in the level of D-dimer and that D-dimer and an increase in its level in the blood is not an indication of a specific disease, but rather a signal and alert for several diseases.…”

“…This suggests that treatments that reduce IL-6 and D-dimer levels might substantially decrease morbidity and mortality in patients on suppressive ART [5]. There is a significant association between the high Ddimer level and severity of COVID-19 among diabetic patients [6]. The higher D-dimer levels provide prognostic information useful for clinicians to early assess COVID-19 patients at risk for disease progression and mortality outcomes [22].…”

Neutrophilia and its correlation with increased inflammatory response in COVID-19 in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients

“…Moreover, it has been reported that the high D-dimer level in diabetic patients is significantly associated with COVID-19 severity. 30,31 Regarding neutrophil level, our results found a significant difference among the categorical groups (i.e., patients with a normal neutrophil count, neutropenia and neutrophilia) in terms of age (p < 0.001), 25(OH)D (p = 0.012), CRP (p < 0.001), ESR (p < 0.001), D-dimer (p < 0.001) and ferritin (p < 0.001). Thus, we then investigated whether there is a relationship between change in neutrophil count and age, inflammatory markers (i.e., CRP, ESR and ferritin), thrombotic marker (i.e., D-dimer) and 25(OH)D. Expectedly, it was found that age, inflammatory markers (i.e., CRP, ESR and ferritin) and thrombotic marker (i.e., D-dimer) were all significantly and positively correlated with the change in ANC (p < 0.001).…”