Comparison between gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose and gelatin/carboxymethyl nanocellulose in tramadol drug loaded capsule

Abstract

The comparison between Tramadol drug loaded microspheres prepared from gelatin/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and those prepared from gelatin/sodium carboxymethyl nanocellulose (NaCMNC) in presence of glutaraldehyde (GA) as cross linker was carried out. Cellulose isolated from rice straw was hydrolyzed using 65% H 2 SO 4 to prepare nanoparticles with average particle size ranging from 44 to 66 nm. Various formulations of gelatin/NaCMC and gelatin/NACMNC were prepared with different ratios of amounts of gelatin, NaCMC/NaCMNC, and GA. Microspheres were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The FTIR spectroscopy results confirmed the structure of microsphere and the absence of chemical interactions among Tramadol drug, polymer, and crosslinking agent. The ultraviolet spectroscopy showed 68% efficiency of the drug encapsulation using cellulose, while 55% for nanocellulose. The equilibrium water uptake decreased from 646 to 329% for cellulose microspheres, when the amount of GA increased from 5 to 10 mL. In contrast, the equilibrium water uptake decreased significantly from 501 to 33.7% for nanocellulose microspheres. The yield percentage enhanced from 54.67 to 80% for nanocellulose microspheres. The in vitro release rate was also calculated. The percent cumulative release of drug was significantly increased at the first 2 h and then a slow increase was further noticed. In general, the nanocellulose microsphere showed lower release rates than cellulose. None of the prepared microsphere presented 100% drug release until 12 h.

5-Fluorouracil Encapsulated Chitosan-Cellulose Fiber Bionanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Analysis towards Colorectal Cancer Cells

“…The sample approximately showed its equilibrium state after 12 h, comparable with different studies [ 32 , 67 ]. With an increasing time and pH value, the swelling increased that CF, CS NPs, CS-CF BNCs and CS-CF/5FU BNCs indicated the maximum swelling ratio of 2.91 ± 0.11, 3.49 ± 0.09, 3.77 ± 0.07 and 3.85 ± 0.10 in media at pH 12, respectively, after 36 h. Similarly, in different studies, the pH of solution controlled the swelling performances of polymer complexes, including polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/TiO 2 nanofibers [ 68 ], chitosan cross-linked poly (acrylic acid) hydrogels [ 69 ] and hydrogel composites of carboxymethylstarch-g-poly (acrylic acid)/palygorskite/starch/sodium alginate [ 70 ]. As presented in Figure 6 a–d, CS NPs and the CS-CF composites displayed higher swelling properties compared to CF.…”

<p>The Potential Anticancer Activity of 5-Fluorouracil Loaded in Cellulose Fibers Isolated from Rice Straw</p>

“…65 Also, another survey on gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose and nanocellulose stated the release of tramadol over 8 and 12 hours, respectively. 59 The release behavior of CF/5-FU suggests the potential modification of the proposed CF carrier for the delivery of the anticancer drug in a basic environment for a future clinical setting.…”

“…It is worth noting that the alkali treatment caused open bonds on the CF chains in which hydrophilic 5-FU entered into the CF pores as were swelled in the aqueous solution during the drug loading process. 59 CF as the drug carrier matrix with a greater number of OH groups was effectively bound and released hydrophilic 5-FU by ionic interactions. 60 Further, the high EE value was due to mechanical entrapment of the drug in the carrier, whereas the CF molecules possibly changed from chains to nanogels in the aqueous solution during magnetic stirring for the drug loading process.…”

Gene-modified BMSCs encapsulated with carboxymethyl cellulose facilitate osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo

“…13,15 Recently, studies in CMC microcapsules have focused on encapsulating growth factors or drugs instead of cells, but they face difficulties such as exploring release and short treatment periods. 16 , 17 In our previous study, we fabricated microcapsules (100–150 μm) with phenol moieties (CMC-Ph) and evaluated the viability and secreting function of encapsulated rBMSCs in vitro. However, the lack of in vivo studies is another problem in terms of developing therapies that use gene-modified cells encapsulated with CMC microcapsules.…”