Gene-modified BMSCs encapsulated with carboxymethyl cellulose facilitate osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo

Abstract

Critical size bone defects are one of the most serious complications in orthopedics due to the lack of effective osteogenesis treatment. We fabricated carboxymethyl cellulose with phenol moieties (CMC-ph) microcapsules loaded with gene-modified rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) that secrete hBMP2 following doxycycline (DOX) induction. The results showed that the morphology of microcapsules was spherical, and their diameters have equally distributed in the range of 100–150 μm; the viability of rBMSCs was unchanged over time. Through real-time PCR and Western blot analyses, the rBMSCs in microcapsules were found to secrete hBMP2 and to have upregulated mRNA and protein expression of osteogenesis-related genes in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the in vivo results suggested that the group with the middle concentration of cells expressed the highest amount of osteogenic protein over time. In this study, we showed that gene-modified rBMSCs in CMC-ph microcapsules had good morphology and viability. The BMP2–BMSCs/CMC-Ph microcapsule system could upregulate osteogenic mRNA and protein in vitro and in vivo. Further analysis demonstrated that the medium concentration of cells had a suitable density for transplantation in nude mice. Therefore, BMP2–BMSCs/CMC-Ph microcapsule constructs have potential for bone regeneration in vivo.

Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

“…Over the Due to the facile, low-cost synthesis process, an abundance of raw materials, characteristic surface properties [24,25], mechanical strength [26], different formability [27,28], tuneable hydrophilicity [29][30][31][32], a viscosity [33], rheological properties [34], and likewise hundreds of other contrasting aspects, CMC and CMC-based hybrid materials have found a wide range of applications in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, textile, construction, food, plastics, cosmetics, paper, and oil industries. For instance, in biomedical fields, CMC and its composites are widely used in tissue engineering [35][36][37][38], bone-tissue engineering [39][40][41], wound dressing [31,32,[42][43][44], absorbent nonwovens [30], fabrication of 3D-scaffolds for biocompatible implants [45,46], artificial organs or mimics of extracellular polymeric matrix [47,48], diagnosis of various diseases [49,50], etc. for various purposes.…”

Fabrication and Characterization of Tissue-Engineered Carboxymethyl Cellulose Scaffolds Containing Spider Silk-Derived Fibroin Protein for Osteogenic Differentiation

“…Carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC) is one of substitute materials playing a binding role in bone formation of implanted scaffold [11]. CMC has been applied to improve injectable characters in various scaffold materials including bone substitutes [12].…”

InkJet-Printed Supercapacitor Electrodes of Graphene-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Biocomposite Ink

“…and it is soluble in water unlike cellulose. Therefore, it is extensively utilized in numerous applications [27,28]. Moreover, CMC has emerged in electrical applications where Basavaraja et al (2012) reported the blending of CMC with PANI to boost its electrical features as a biosensor [29].…”