Comparison of air‐agitated liquid–liquid microextraction and ultrasound‐assisted emulsification microextraction for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determination in hookah water

Abstract

In this work, two disperser-free microextraction methods, namely, air-agitated liquid-liquid microextraction and ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction are compared for the determination of a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The effects of various experimental parameters upon the extraction efficiencies of both methods are investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the enrichment factors and limits of detection were found to be in the ranges of 327-773 and 0.015-0.05 ng/mL for air-agitated liquid-liquid microextraction and 406-670 and 0.015-0.05 ng/mL for ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction, respectively. The linear dynamic ranges and extraction recoveries were obtained to be in the range of 0.05-120 ng/mL (R(2) ≥ 0.995) and 33-77% for air-agitated liquid-liquid microextraction and 0.05-110 ng/mL (R(2) ≥ 0.994) and 41-67% for ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction, respectively. To investigate this common view among some people that smoking hookah is healthy due to the passage of smoke through the hookah water, samples of both the hookah water and hookah smoke were analyzed.

Application of tandem dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of doxepin, citalopram, and fluvoxamine in complicated samples

“…In this method, selection of the solution pH depends upon the chemical structure of the analytes and the type of extraction phase (aqueous or organic). Based on the specifications and structures of the drugs under study (supplementary material, Supporting Information Table S1) and the pK a values for the analytes (9.78, 9.7, and 9.16 for citalopram, doxepin, and fluvoxamine, respectively), the initial pH value for the alkaline solution (10)(11)(12)(13)(14) and its final acidic pH value (2-5) were investigated. In pHßpK+2, the molecular form was the predominant form of the analytes in the aqueous phase, resulting in their faster extraction into the organic phase.…”

“…LLE and SPE are the most common techniques used for the isolation and enrichment of the analytes [7][8][9][10]. However, these methods are very timeconsuming, and consume large amounts of highly expensive and potentially hazardous organic solvents [11]. These drawbacks and the promising objectives of the green chemistry have caused the focus of the research efforts to be on the development of miniaturized, efficient, and environmentally moderate sample extraction methods [12][13][14][15][16].…”

Combining ultrasound‐assisted extraction and vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for the sensitive assessment of aflatoxins in aquaculture fish species

“…The technique has been applied for extracting a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds in several sample matrices, especially liquid samples, such as environmental, food, clinic, and forensic materials , and the technique has evolved toward assisted procedures to improve extractive efficiency. Several assistance mechanisms, such as those based on ultrasound and microwave , have been proposed for enhancing the DLLME extraction efficiency. On other occasions, the extraction solvent dispersion is achieved by pulling in and pushing out the mixture of aqueous sample solution and extraction solvent repeatedly in a glass syringe (air‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction) .…”

Air‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on a new hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for the preconcentration of benzophenone‐type UV filters from aqueous samples

“…DLLME was introduced by Rezaee et al and has been applied to extract analytes from various matrixes [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. DLLME has appeared in different modes, such as vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-DLLME) [8], ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquidliquid microextraction (USA-DLLME) [9] and SFODME [10,11]. Recently, a novel mode of DLLME termed as airassisted DLLME has been developed [12].…”