Comparison of Anthraquinones, Iridoid Glycosides and Triterpenoids in Morinda officinalis and Morinda citrifolia Using UPLC/Q-TOF-MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Abstract

Roots of Morinda officinalis and Morinda citrifolia have been interchangeably used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, there is no experimental evidence to support this. In this study, a ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)-based approach and a multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) were adopted to compare the difference in the chemical compounds present in the root extract of M. officinalis and M. citrifolia. There were 26 anthraquinones, 15 triterpenes, and 8 iridoid glycosides identified in the root extracts of M. officinalis, 30 anthraquinones, 1 triterpene, and 8 iridoid glycosides in the root extracts of M. citrifolia. Among these, 25 compounds presented in both plants. In addition, a principal component analysis (PCA) showed that these two herbs could be separated clearly. Furthermore, an orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) found 9 components that could be used as chemical markers to discrimination the root extracts of M. officinalis and M. citrifolia. In addition, the results of a Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) assay and cell colony formation assay indicated that methanol root extracts of M. officinalis and M. citrifolia showed no cell cytotoxicity to normal cells, even promoted the proliferation of normal liver cells. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the differences between the root extracts of M. officinalis and M. citrifolia (Hainan province) have been observed systematically at the chemistry level.

The Effects of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) on the Cellular Viability and Osteogenesis of Stem Cell Spheroids

“…Various doses have been used for testing the effects of Noni [ 25 , 28 , 35 ]. The toxicological studies revealed that higher doses of Noni fruit juice of 4000 mg/kg or 5000 mg/kg for two or more months may cause toxic effects on the liver and kidneys [ 28 ].…”

“…Doses of 500–1000 mg/kg of Noni extract produced heptoprotective effects, proven by an increase in the liver antioxidant enzyme and alkaline phosphatase activity [ 25 ]. For in vitro experiments, 0.4, 1.2, 3.7, 11.1, 33.3 and 100 µg/mL concentrations were used to perform cell viability assays [ 35 ]. Researchers have applied the concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL for the cell colony-formation assays [ 35 ].…”

“…For in vitro experiments, 0.4, 1.2, 3.7, 11.1, 33.3 and 100 µg/mL concentrations were used to perform cell viability assays [ 35 ]. Researchers have applied the concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL for the cell colony-formation assays [ 35 ]. In this study, we treated cell spheroids made of GMSCs in the presence of the Noni at final concentrations that ranged from 10 to 200 ng/mL (0 (untreated control), 10, 100 and 200 ng/mL).…”

Comparison of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Different Parts of Taraxacum mongolicum

“…PCA and PLS-DA are mathematical approaches that can be applied to chemical or biological data, in order to recognize pattern and classify the samples, and the two methods have been widely used in discriminating and comparing the composition of herbal medicines [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. To provide more information about the chemical differences and find potential chemical markers which contributed to the differences among flowers, leaves, and roots of TM, PCA and PLS-DA were further carried out.…”

Iridoids and anthraquinones from the roots of Morinda officinalis

“…Galioside (3) were reported for the first time from Morinda genus. Compounds, asperulosidic acid (1), [12] geniposidic acid (2), [13] 2-hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxyanthraquinone (4), [4] rubiadin-1-methyl ether (5), [12] and anthragallol-2methyl ether (6) [14] were already reported from M. officinalis.…”