Comparison of Joint Kinematics in Transition Running and Isolated Running in Elite Triathletes in Overground Conditions

Fraeulin, Laura; Maurer-Grubinger, Christian; Holzgreve, Fabian; Groneberg, David A.; Ohlendorf, Daniela

doi:10.3390/s21144869

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This work resulted from a secondary analysis of data that was collected previously. For additional details on the protocol and the primary purpose of the analyzed data, the reader is referred to the original work [16].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolating the Unique and Generic Movement Characteristics of Highly Trained Runners

Hoitz

Fraeulin

Tscharner

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Human movement patterns were shown to be as unique to individuals as their fingerprints. However, some movement characteristics are more important than other characteristics for machine learning algorithms to distinguish between individuals. Here, we explored the idea that movement patterns contain unique characteristics that differentiate between individuals and generic characteristics that do not differentiate between individuals. Layer-wise relevance propagation was applied to an artificial neural network that was trained to recognize 20 male triathletes based on their respective movement patterns to derive characteristics of high/low importance for human recognition. The similarity between movement patterns that were defined exclusively through characteristics of high/low importance was then evaluated for all participants in a pairwise fashion. We found that movement patterns of triathletes overlapped minimally when they were defined by variables that were very important for a neural network to distinguish between individuals. The movement patterns overlapped substantially when defined through less important characteristics. We concluded that the unique movement characteristics of elite runners were predominantly sagittal plane movements of the spine and lower extremities during mid-stance and mid-swing, while the generic movement characteristics were sagittal plane movements of the spine during early and late stance.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolating the Unique and Generic Movement Characteristics of Highly Trained Runners

Hoitz

Fraeulin

Tscharner

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…In the reviewed studies that used IMUs, accelerometers or gyroscopes, most studies used one (n = 56) or two (n = 30) sensors. Few studies used more than two sensors, for example, others used three [77,97], four [62,74,117], five [106], seven [103,109], eight [19,20,85], nine [105], 12 [21] or 17 sensors [108]. Where studies used more than one sensor, they were not necessarily the same type of sensor (e.g.…”

Section: Number Of Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the seven studies that used wearables on the upper back, five studies placed the sensor in a harness/vest [21,38,105,121,129,130,133]. Two studies located accelerometers on the wrist, housed in GPS watches [21,31] and one study mounted 17 sensors onto a lycra suit that participants wore [108] (Fig. 3 and Table 2 of the ESM).…”

Section: Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seventy-seven studies used controlled speeds (58 of these controlled at a set pace), with a range from 2 m/s [85,121] to 26 km/h [117]. Nine studies controlled speed based on individual performance; four of these studies used personal bests as the benchmark [42,48,87,108] and two studies controlled speed based on the participants' preferred speed (e.g. 85 and 115% preferred speed) [21,98].…”

Section: Speed/pacementioning

confidence: 99%

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Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Background Running gait assessment has traditionally been performed using subjective observation or expensive laboratory-based objective technologies, such as three-dimensional motion capture or force plates. However, recent developments in wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring and analysis of running mechanics in any environment. Objective measurement of running gait is an important (clinical) tool for injury assessment and provides measures that can be used to enhance performance. Objectives We aimed to systematically review the available literature investigating how wearable technology is being used for running gait analysis in adults. Methods A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the following scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Information was extracted from each included article regarding the type of study, participants, protocol, wearable device(s), main outcomes/measures, analysis and key findings. Results A total of 131 articles were reviewed: 56 investigated the validity of wearable technology, 22 examined the reliability and 77 focused on applied use. Most studies used inertial measurement units (n = 62) [i.e. a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers in a single unit] or solely accelerometers (n = 40), with one using gyroscopes alone and 31 using pressure sensors. On average, studies used one wearable device to examine running gait. Wearable locations were distributed among the shank, shoe and waist. The mean number of participants was 26 (± 27), with an average age of 28.3 (± 7.0) years. Most studies took place indoors (n = 93), using a treadmill (n = 62), with the main aims seeking to identify running gait outcomes or investigate the effects of injury, fatigue, intrinsic factors (e.g. age, sex, morphology) or footwear on running gait outcomes. Generally, wearables were found to be valid and reliable tools for assessing running gait compared to reference standards. Conclusions This comprehensive review highlighted that most studies that have examined running gait using wearable sensors have done so with young adult recreational runners, using one inertial measurement unit sensor, with participants running on a treadmill and reporting outcomes of ground contact time, stride length, stride frequency and tibial acceleration. Future studies are required to obtain consensus regarding terminology, protocols for testing validity and the reliability of devices and suitability of gait outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration CRD42021235527.

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“…Over the cycle-run transition (T2), defined as the period from the last kilometer of the cycle section through to the end of the first kilometer of the run, athletes often sense a lack of coordination (5). This may result in altered running kinematics, with adverse consequences for the athletés running performance (6). The overall relative contribution of this triathlon run to race performance generally differs with event distance, within both non-drafting and draft-legal triathlon (7)(8)(9)(10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovering the sluggishness of triathlon running - using the attractor method to quantify the impact of the bike-run transition

Weich

Barth

Killer

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Running in a triathlon, a so-called brick run, is uniquely influenced by accumulated load from its preceding disciplines. Crucially, however, and irrespective of race type, the demands of a triathlon always exceed the sum of its parts. Triathletes of all levels commonly report subjectively perceived incoordination within the initial stages of the cycle run transition (T2). Although minimizing it, and its influence on running kinematics, can positively impact running and overall triathlon performance, the mechanisms behind the T2 effect remain unclear. In the present study, we assessed the influence of the pre-load exercise mode focusing on the biomechanical perspective. To analyze inertial sensor-based raw data from both legs, the so-called Attractor Method was applied. The latter represents a sensitive approach, allowing to quantify subtle changes of cyclic motions to uncover the transient effect, a potentially detrimental transient phase at the beginning of a run. The purpose was to analyze the impact of a pre-load on the biomechanics of a brick run during a simulated Olympic Distance triathlon (without the swimming section). Therefore, we assessed the influence of pre-load exercise mode on running pattern (δM) and precision (δD), and on the length of the transient effect (tT) within a 10 km field-based run in 22 well-trained triathletes. We found that δD, but not δM, differed significantly between an isolated run (IRun) and when it was preceded by a 40 km cycle (TRun) or an energetically matched run (RRun). The average distance ran until overcoming the transient phase (tT) was 679 m for TRun, 450 m for RRun, and 29 4 m for IRun. The results demonstrated that especially the first kilometer of a triathlon run is prone to an uncoordinated running sensation, which is also commonly reported by athletes. That is, i) the T2 effect appeared more linked to variability in running style than to running style per se ii) run tT distance was influenced by preceding exercise load mode, being greater for a TRun than for the RRun condition, and iii) the Attractor Method seemed to be a potentially promising method of sensitively monitoring T2 adaptation under ecologically valid conditions.

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Comparison of Joint Kinematics in Transition Running and Isolated Running in Elite Triathletes in Overground Conditions

Cited by 7 publications

References 48 publications

Isolating the Unique and Generic Movement Characteristics of Highly Trained Runners

Isolating the Unique and Generic Movement Characteristics of Highly Trained Runners

Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

Discovering the sluggishness of triathlon running - using the attractor method to quantify the impact of the bike-run transition

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