Comparison of Particle Size Measurements with Laser-Induced Incandescence, Mass Spectroscopy, and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizing in a Laminar Premixed Ethylene/Air Flame

Stirn, Ronnie; Baquet, Tania Gonzalez; Kanjarkar, Santosh; Meier, Wolfgang; Geigle, Klaus Peter; Grotheer, Horst-Henning; Wahl, Claus; Aigner, Manfred

doi:10.1080/00102200802483498

Cited by 40 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This method has been used to measure laboratory generated BC particles smaller than 7 nm. 26 Similarly, the principle of operation of the SP2 and its use in ambient sampling have been described extensively. 19,27−29 Individual BC particles sampled by the SP2 were irradiated with a continuous laser (1064 nm) resulting in BC incandescence whichwasmonitoredinthevisibleband(λ = 300−550 nm).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Emissions of Black Carbon from Gasoline Vehicles Underestimated? Insights from Near and On-Road Measurements

Liggio

Gordon

Smallwood³

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Measurements of black carbon (BC) with a highsensitivity laser-induced incandescence (HS-LII) instrument and a single particle soot photometer (SP2) were conducted upwind, downwind, and while driving on a highway dominated by gasoline vehicles. The results are used with concurrent CO 2 measurements to derive fuel-based BC emission factors for real-world average fleet and heavy-duty diesel vehicles separately. The derived emission factors from both instruments are compared, and a low SP2 bias (relative to the HS-LII) is found to be caused by a BC mass mode diameter less than 75 nm, that is most prominent with the gasoline fleet but is not present in the heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust on the highway. Results from both the LII and the SP2 demonstrate that the BC emission factors from gasoline vehicles are at least a factor of 2 higher than previous North American measurements, and a factor of 9 higher than currently used emission inventories in Canada, derived with the MOBILE 6.2C model. Conversely, the measured BC emission factor for heavy-duty diesel vehicles is in reasonable agreement with previous measurements. The results suggest that greater attention must be paid to black carbon from gasoline engines to obtain a full understanding of the impact of black carbon on air quality and climate and to devise appropriate mitigation strategies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Emissions of Black Carbon from Gasoline Vehicles Underestimated? Insights from Near and On-Road Measurements

Liggio

Gordon

Smallwood³

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Few studies in the literature have made inter-comparisons of soot particle size measurement in flat premixed flames using different techniques for the purpose of either understanding the advantages and disadvantages of photoionization mass spectrometry (PIMS), SMPS, and LII and their applicability range (Stirn et al 2009) or investigating the causes for the different soot particle sizes measured by SMPS and TEM ). However, there have been no studies to demonstrate the potential of using LII to measure the size of incipient soot in nucleation flames.…”

Section: Comparison Of Size Distributions Of Incipient Soot By Lii-himentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, it is worth pointing out that the goal of this study is to explore the potential of using LII as an in situ sizing technique for incipient soot particles in the nucleation region of flames where the particle size distribution is unimodal. It has been well-established that the size distribution function of particle mobility diameter evolves into a bimodal distribution above the nucleation zone in sooting flames due to the presence of both particle nucleation and aggregation (Zhao et al 2003Abid et al 2008;Stirn et al 2009). Under these conditions, it is not feasible to use LII to retrieve the bimodality of the particle size distribution since small particles contribute negligibly to the LII signals in the presence of large ones.…”

Section: Comparison Of Size Distributions Of Incipient Soot By Lii-himentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Available experimental techniques for measuring soot particle size and concentration have been discussed by Wang (2011), Desgroux et al (2013), Michelsen (2016), andD'Anna (2009). A series of experimental investigations of the particle size distribution function (PSDF) of soot particles formed in rich premixed ethylene flames have recently been conducted by Wang and co-workers Zhao et al 2003;Abid et al 2008;Camacho et al 2015;Gu et al 2016), Maricq et al (2003), and Stirn et al (2009). These studies first rely on the online sampling of the particles by a tubular probe placed transversally to the flame embedded or not in the stabilization plate or by a microprobe inserted vertically along the flame axis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the size of the incandescent incipient soot particles in premixed sooting and nucleation flames of n-butane using LII, HIM, and 1 nm-SMPS

Betrancourt

Liu

Desgroux

et al. 2017

Aerosol Science and Technology

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(2017) Investigation of the size of the incandescent incipient soot particles in premixed sooting and nucleation flames of nbutane using LII, HIM, and 1 nm-SMPS, Aerosol Science and Technology, 51:8, 916-935, DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2017 Laser-induced incandescence (LII) measurements were conducted to explore the ability of LII to detect small soot particles of less than 10 nm in two sooting flat premixed flames of n-butane: a socalled nucleation flame obtained at a threshold equivalence ratio F D 1.75, in which the incipient soot particles undergo only minor soot surface growth along the flame, and a more sooting flame at F D 1.95. Size measurements were obtained by modeling the time-resolved LII signals detected using 1064 nm laser excitation. Spectrally-resolved LII signals collected in the nucleation flame display a similar blackbody-like behavior as mature soot. Soot particle temperature was determined from spectrally-resolved detection. LII modeling was conducted using parameters either relevant to those of mature soot or derived from fitting the modeled results to the experimental LII data. Particle size measurements were also carried out using (1) ex situ analysis by helium-ion microscopy (HIM) of particles sampled thermophoretically and (2) online size distribution analysis of microprobe-sampled particles using a 1 nm-SMPS. The size distributions of the incipient soot particles, found in the nucleation flame and in the early soot region of the F D 1.95 flame, derived from time-resolved LII signals are in good agreement with HIM and 1 nm-SMPS measurements and are in the range of 2-4 nm. The thermal and optical properties of incipient soot were found to be not radically different from those of mature soot commonly used in LII modeling. This explains the ability of incipient soot particles to produce continuous thermal emissions in the visible spectrum. This study demonstrates that LII is a promising in situ optical particle sizing technique that is capable of detecting incipient soot as small as about 2.5 nm and potentially 2 nm and resolving small changes in soot sizes below 10 nm.

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“…Although inflame soot size distributions are sometimes bimodal (Stirn et al, 2009), a numerical analysis performed by Johnsson et al (2010) showed that the TiRe-LII signal was insensitive to the smaller-size mode. The following widely used assumption for the inflame soot particle size distribution is adopted here:…”

Section: Determination Of Particle Size Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Size Distribution of Soot from a Laminar/Diffusion Flame

Chen

Zhou

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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A practical method is proposed to determine the inflame soot particle size distribution via an explicit solution derived from time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII). Three appropriate time intervals are selected from the TiRe-LII decay signal. The equivalent mean sizes as well as relative ratios of number densities for three classes of monodisperse particles are determined with the mono-exponential fit to each interval, which allows an explicit solution for the particle size distribution. Simulations show that inversed log-normal distributions from the explicit solution are coincident with the input parameters in terms of trend, and there exist critical time intervals where inversed results are most insensitive to the variation of interval length. The error of inversion is critically dependent on the geometric standard deviation but weakly dependent on the count median particle diameter. Influences of experimental conditions on the inversed error are additionally evaluated. The results show that flame temperature has a significant impact on the error of inversion. Thus, a database of the error as a function of flame temperature at a fixed aggregate size is established. The error database allowed the inversed results from experimental TiRe-LII signals to be readily corrected at various flame locations by interpolation. The corrected inversed log-normal distributions were consistent in trend with those determined from the established nonlinear regression method, and the modeling LII signals reproduced agree with the experimental data. The small deviation of the results potentially stemmed from the statistical noise contained in recorded LII signals.

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Comparison of Particle Size Measurements with Laser-Induced Incandescence, Mass Spectroscopy, and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizing in a Laminar Premixed Ethylene/Air Flame

Cited by 40 publications

References 25 publications

Are Emissions of Black Carbon from Gasoline Vehicles Underestimated? Insights from Near and On-Road Measurements

Are Emissions of Black Carbon from Gasoline Vehicles Underestimated? Insights from Near and On-Road Measurements

Investigation of the size of the incandescent incipient soot particles in premixed sooting and nucleation flames of n-butane using LII, HIM, and 1 nm-SMPS

Particle Size Distribution of Soot from a Laminar/Diffusion Flame

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