Comparison of PCR and microscopy for the detection of asymptomatic malaria in a Plasmodium falciparum/vivax endemic area in Thailand

Coleman, Russell E.; Sattabongkot, Jetsumon; Promstaporm, Sommai; Maneechai, Nongnuj; Tippayachai, Bousaraporn; Kengluecha, Ampornpan; Rachapaew, Nattawan; Zollner, Gabriela; Miller, R. Scott; Vaughan, Jefferson A.; Thimasarn, Krongtong; Khuntirat, Benjawan

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-5-121

Cited by 144 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In countries where malaria is endemic, a significant proportion of P. falciparum infections are asymptomatic or subclinical. Asymptomatic carriage levels detected by microscopy and/or other methods have been reported to be as high as 39%, 8.4%, and 1.36 to 7.7% in African countries, India, and Thailand, respectively (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). However, surveillance data from Myanmar nationwide are not available to date.…”

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Comparison of Microscopy, Nested-PCR, and Real-Time-PCR Assays Using High-Throughput Screening of Pooled Samples for Diagnosis of Malaria in Asymptomatic Carriers from Areas of Endemicity in Myanmar

et al. 2014

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Asymptomatic infection is an important obstacle for controlling disease in countries where malaria is endemic. Because asymptomatic carriers do not seek treatment for their infections, they can have high levels of gametocytes and constitute a reservoir available for new infection. We employed a sample pooling/PCR-based molecular detection strategy for screening malaria infection in residents from areas of Myanmar where malaria is endemic. Blood samples (n ‫؍‬ 1,552) were collected from residents in three areas of malaria endemicity (Kayin State, Bago, and Tanintharyi regions) of Myanmar. Two nested PCR and real-time PCR assays showed that asymptomatic infection was detected in about 1.0% to 9.4% of residents from the surveyed areas. The sensitivities of the two nested PCR and real-time PCR techniques were higher than that of microscopy examination (sensitivity, 100% versus 26.4%; kappa values, 0.2 to 0.5). Among the three regions, parasite-positive samples were highly detected in subjects from the Bago and Tanintharyi regions. Active surveillance of residents from regions of intense malaria transmission would reduce the risk of morbidity and mitigate transmission to the population in these areas of endemicity. Our data demonstrate that PCRbased molecular techniques are more efficient than microscopy for nationwide surveillance of malaria in countries where malaria is endemic.

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Comparison of Microscopy, Nested-PCR, and Real-Time-PCR Assays Using High-Throughput Screening of Pooled Samples for Diagnosis of Malaria in Asymptomatic Carriers from Areas of Endemicity in Myanmar

et al. 2014

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“…(1)(2)(3) Asymptomatic malaria infection has been accepted as a major difficulty for malaria control and elimination. Therefore, a quick and accurate diagnosis using blood tests is needed for separating infected patients from a community so that the disease does not spread and can be kept under control.…”

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confidence: 99%

Separation of Magnetic Particles Using an Array of Magnets —A Model of a Separation Device for Malaria-Infected Blood Cells

2017

Sensors and Materials

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Our ultimate goal is to design, fabricate, and test a new platform for malaria diagnosis using an array of magnets located parallel to a straight microchannel. The principle of the diagnosis is to attract malaria-infected blood cells using a nonuniform magnetic field induced by the array of magnets, while healthy blood cells are not affected and move along the flow direction. To achieve the goal, a mathematical model for predicting blood-cell motion was developed and validated using magnetic particles. In the experiments, trajectories of magnetic particles were captured using a photographic technique as the particles moved inside the system. The study has revealed that the trajectories of the magnetic particles obtained from both computational and experimental results were in a good agreement, and the mean deviation between them was around 18% for both 5 and 10 µm magnetic particles. In addition, the simulation results for malaria-infected mouse blood cells suggested that at the distance of 400 µm from the magnet array, the infected blood cells could move laterally toward the magnet array at distances around 35.2, 26.9, 21.8, and 18.3 µm within a 3 cm downstream distance at flow rates of 0.18, 0.23, 0.28, and 0.33 µL/min, respectively.

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“…Although Plasmodium nucleic acids have been detected in serum and plasma, there is little published data describing the performance of malaria NAATs using these specimen types (4)(5)(6)(7). Rather, most studies have used whole blood or dried blood spots (DBS) (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). While whole blood and DBS provide ample amounts of Plasmodium nucleic acids, they present significant challenges for (i) long-term storage and/or (ii) nucleic acid extraction with removal of inhibitors for optimal NAAT performance (13,14).…”

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Molecular Testing for Plasmodium falciparum by Use of Serum or Plasma and Comparison with Microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Testing in Febrile Nigerian Patients

et al. 2015

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c Plasmodium nucleic acids have been detected in serum and plasma, but there is little published data describing the diagnostic performance of malaria nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) using these specimen types. Previously, our group described a multiplex NAAT for the detection of dengue virus, Leptospira, and Plasmodium species with a callout for P. falciparum (the DLM assay) that demonstrated sensitive detection of P. falciparum from plasma samples during initial evaluation. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of P. falciparum detection in febrile Nigerian patients using the DLM assay, microscopy, and a rapid diagnostic test (BinaxNOW Malaria). Assay performances were compared using a composite reference, which was considered positive if malaria was detected by two or more methods. Serum (n ‫؍‬ 182) or plasma (n ‫؍‬ 148) from 317 patients was tested; the average sample volume was 70 l (range, 5 to 300 l). The sensitivity and specificity of the DLM assay were 97.1% and 93.5%, respectively. The sensitivity of the malaria rapid diagnostic test (98.1%) was similar to that of the DLM assay, and both proved significantly more sensitive than microscopy (79%; P < 0.0001). When analysis was limited to samples with >75 l of serum or plasma, the sensitivity of the DLM assay improved to 99% and specificity was 97.5%. For P. falciparum cases, cycle threshold values in the DLM assay correlated with the parasite density detected by microscopy (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, malaria detection using the DLM assay on serum or plasma is more sensitive than and equal in specificity to microscopy in patients with P. falciparum malaria.T he entirety of Nigeria is considered an area of moderate to high malaria transmission by the WHO (Ն1 case per 1,000 residents), and virtually all cases result from infection with Plasmodium falciparum, the most common cause of severe malaria (1). Despite the high prevalence of malaria in Nigeria, there is concern that it is overdiagnosed in patients presenting with an undifferentiated systemic febrile illness (2). While traditional microscopy remains the primary malaria diagnostic method worldwide, malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) are also being deployed for confirmation of suspected malaria cases. However, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for malaria, which have proven more sensitive than microscopy or mRDTs, are not routinely performed (3, 4). Therefore, it is possible that estimates of overtreatment may be inflated due to the relatively poor sensitivity of microscopy for malaria diagnosis. Although Plasmodium nucleic acids have been detected in serum and plasma, there is little published data describing the performance of malaria NAATs using these specimen types (4-7). Rather, most studies have used whole blood or dried blood spots (DBS) (8-12). While whole blood and DBS provide ample amounts of Plasmodium nucleic acids, they present significant challenges for (i) long-term storage and/or (ii) nucleic acid extrac...

show abstract

Comparison of PCR and microscopy for the detection of asymptomatic malaria in a Plasmodium falciparum/vivax endemic area in Thailand

Cited by 144 publications

References 27 publications

Comparison of Microscopy, Nested-PCR, and Real-Time-PCR Assays Using High-Throughput Screening of Pooled Samples for Diagnosis of Malaria in Asymptomatic Carriers from Areas of Endemicity in Myanmar

Comparison of Microscopy, Nested-PCR, and Real-Time-PCR Assays Using High-Throughput Screening of Pooled Samples for Diagnosis of Malaria in Asymptomatic Carriers from Areas of Endemicity in Myanmar

Separation of Magnetic Particles Using an Array of Magnets —A Model of a Separation Device for Malaria-Infected Blood Cells

Molecular Testing for Plasmodium falciparum by Use of Serum or Plasma and Comparison with Microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Testing in Febrile Nigerian Patients

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Comparison of PCR and microscopy for the detection of asymptomatic malaria in a Plasmodium falciparum/vivax endemic area in Thailand

Cited by 144 publications

References 27 publications

Comparison of Microscopy, Nested-PCR, and Real-Time-PCR Assays Using High-Throughput Screening of Pooled Samples for Diagnosis of Malaria in Asymptomatic Carriers from Areas of Endemicity in Myanmar

Comparison of Microscopy, Nested-PCR, and Real-Time-PCR Assays Using High-Throughput Screening of Pooled Samples for Diagnosis of Malaria in Asymptomatic Carriers from Areas of Endemicity in Myanmar

Separation of Magnetic Particles Using an Array of Magnets &mdash;A Model of a Separation Device for Malaria-Infected Blood Cells

Molecular Testing for Plasmodium falciparum by Use of Serum or Plasma and Comparison with Microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Testing in Febrile Nigerian Patients

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Separation of Magnetic Particles Using an Array of Magnets —A Model of a Separation Device for Malaria-Infected Blood Cells