Comparison of standardized sampling and measurement reference systems for aircraft engine non-volatile particulate matter emissions

Lobo, Prem; Ďurdina, Lukáš; Brem, Benjamin T.; Crayford, Andrew Philip; Johnson, Mark P.; Smallwood, Gregory J.; Siegerist, Frithjof; Williams, P. I.; Black, Elizabeth A.; Llamedo, Andrea; Thomson, Kevin A.; Trueblood, Max B.; Yu, Zhenhong; Hagen, Donald E.; Whitefield, Philip D.; Miake-Lye, Richard C.; Rindlisbacher, Theo

doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105557

Cited by 48 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…MSS results were on average 7% higher than that for the PAX from both kerosene fuelled and diesel fuelled rigs. This agrees in general with the finding of previous studies (Smallwood et al 2010;Durdina et al, 2016;Lobo et al, 2020;Corbin et al, 2020), and the discrepancy between the various instruments from source to source and amongst the different fuels is likely caused by difference in the properties of the particles (morphology, structure, and optical absorption), the different content of non-refractory components of the particles (i.e. quantities of bound H and O, volatiles, nitrates, ash, sulphates, etc.)…”

Section: Comparison Of Mass Concentration Results From Different Diagnostic Techniquessupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Currently, the two instruments that satisfy the performance criteria for nvPM mass measurements are the Artium Technologies LII 300, based on laser-induced incandescence (LII), and the AVL Micro Soot Sensor (MSS), based on photoacoustic spectroscopy. The standardised systems for aircraft engine nvPM emissions measurements using these instruments have been previously evaluated and inter-compared (Lobo et al, 2015a(Lobo et al, , 2020.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Black Carbon Emissions from Multiple Engine and Source Types using Laser-Induced Incandescence: Sensitivity to Laser Fluence

Yuan

Lobo

Smallwood

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. A new regulatory standard for non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass concentration emissions from aircraft engines has been adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organisation. One of the instruments used for the regulatory nvPM mass emissions measurements in aircraft engine certification tests is the Artium Technologies LII 300, which is based on laser-induced incandescence. The LII 300 has been shown in some cases to demonstrate a variation in response to the type of black carbon particle measured. Hence it is important to identify a suitable black carbon emission source for instrument calibration. In this study, the relationship between the nvPM emissions produced by different engine sources and the response of the LII 300 instrument utilising auto-compensating laser-induced incandescence (AC-LII) method was investigated. Six different sources were used, including a turboshaft helicopter engine, a diesel generator, an intermediate pressure test rig of a single sector combustor, an auxiliary power unit gas turbine engine, a medium-sized diesel engine, and a downsized turbocharged direct injection gasoline engine. Optimum LII 300 laser fluence levels were determined for each source and operating condition evaluated. It was found that an optimised laser fluence can be valid for real-time measurements from a variety of sources, where the mass concentration was independent of laser fluence levels covering the typical operating ranges for the various sources. However, it is important to perform laser fluence sweeps to determine the optimum fluence range, as differences were observed in the laser fluence required, between sources and fuels. We discuss the measurement merits, variability, and best practices in the real-time quantification of nvPM mass concentration using the LII 300 instrument, and compare that with other diagnostic techniques, namely absorption–based methods such as photoacoustic spectroscopy using a photoacoustic extinctiometer (PAX) and a Micro Soot Sensor (MSS), and thermal-optical analysis (TOA). Particle size distributions were also measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Overall, the LII 300 provides robust and consistent results when compared with the other diagnostic techniques across multiple engine sources and fuels. The results from this study will inform the development of updated calibration protocols to ensure repeatable and reproducible measurements of nvPM mass emissions from aircraft engines using the LII 300.

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Section: Comparison Of Mass Concentration Results From Different Diagnostic Techniquessupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Black Carbon Emissions from Multiple Engine and Source Types using Laser-Induced Incandescence: Sensitivity to Laser Fluence

Yuan

Lobo

Smallwood

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…To permit the systematic reporting of aircraft nvPM, an ICAO standard sampling and measurement methodology was developed based on the findings of numerous international collaborative programs (Crayford and Johnson, 2013;Lobo et al, 2015bLobo et al, , 2020Petzold et al, 2011). The sampling protocols for the regulation of aircraft nvPM emissions (ICAO, 2017) specify a sampling system of up to 35 m line length which, coupled with relatively small GMDs of nvPM often witnessed from gas turbines, result in significant particle loss before measurement at the nvPM mass and number instruments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental validation of thermophoretic and bend nanoparticle loss for a regulatory prescribed aircraft nvPM sampling system

Durand

Crayford

Johnson

2020

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Aircraft gas turbine engines produce ultrafine PM which has been linked to local-air-quality and environmental concerns. Regulatory sampling and measurement standards were recently introduced by ICAO to mitigate these emission of non-volatile PM (nvPM). Currently, reported nvPM emissions can significantly under-represent engine exit concentrations due to particle loss.A System-Loss-Tool (SLT) has been proposed to correct for particle loss in the standard sampling and measurement system permitting an estimation of engine exit concentrations for airport environment inventories.Thermophoretic and bend particle loss mechanisms are predicted in the SLT using expressions derived from the literature, which are not in all cases empirically validated to conditions representative of aircraft nvPM exhaust sampling methodologies. In this study, thermophoretic (Tgas≤910°C) and coiling-induced (≤3960°) particle loss were measured using sampling variables relevant to aerospace certification. Experiments were performed using laboratory generated solid particles (fractal graphite, cubical salt and spherical silica) bounding the upper and lower limits of aircraft soot morphology (i.e. particle effective density, mass-mobility exponent, primaryparticle-size). These were aerodynamically classified using a Cambustion Aerodynamic-Aerosol-Classifier (AAC) at electrical-mobility diameters ranging from 30-140 nm.The AAC was shown to efficiently classify salt and silica particles, producing monomodal distributions ≥25 nm electrical-mobility GMD, whilst classifying fractal graphite >40 nm electrical-mobility GMD (calculated as da≥20 nm) albeit generally displaying larger GSD's.Thermophoretic loss at ΔTgas of 0-880 K correlated well with the SLT for non-fractal particles with losses ≤39.2% measured, with higher depositions observed for graphite (4.1%) considered insignificant compared to overall measurement uncertainty. Coiling a 25 m sample line in compliance with ICAO standards induced negligible additional particle loss at flowrates relevant of aircraft exhaust sampling, in agreement with SLT-predicted bend losses. However, additional losses were witnessed at lower flowrates (≤13% at 30 nm), attributed to secondary flow diffusion loss induced by the coiling.

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“…OP is often documented as an important success factor for ramping-up organizational performance ( Gouthier and Rhein, 2011 ; Kraemer and H.J. Gouthier, 2014 ; Lobo et al., 2020 ; Masterson et al., 2017 ; Tang et al., 2020 ). The concept of OP denotes to an emotional and cognitive attachment (i.e.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, Lythreatis et al. (2019) have noted that participative role of top management is also very important for enhancing OP in SMEs ( Lobo et al., 2020 ; Tang et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, OP also influences delivery of good SQ as it can also ramp-up customer oriented behavior at workplace ( Cohen et al., 2020 ; Hammedi et al., 2021 ; Kraemer et al., 2020 ; Tang et al., 2020 ).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleaner production practices at company level enhance the desire of employees to have a significant positive impact on society through work

Farooq

Salam

2021

Journal of Cleaner Production

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Implementation of cleaner production practices (CPP), service quality (SQ) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) is often studied at organizational level. A number of studies on trio have reported it’s significant impact on overall organizational performance and profitability across the globe. However, not much is studied about the individual level micro influence of these constructs on employee engagement (EE), organizational pride (OP), organizational identification (OI) and “desire to have a significant impact through work” (DSIW). Therefore, this study presents a comprehensive framework for assessing the impact of the implementation of CPP, SQ and CSR on EE, OP, OI and DSIW. Data collected from 320 non-managerial staff members employed at a garments manufacturing company in Pakistan was analyzed using partial least square (PLS) approach. Findings revealed that the implementation of CPP, SQ and CSR plays an important role in shaping EE, OP, OI and DSIW in the garments manufacturing industry. Further, it is found that the implementation of CPP has a non-significant impact on SQ. Additionally, results of the importance-performance map analysis (IPMA) have also confirmed that the implementation of CPP at company level has shown a highest importance and performance amongst all the latent constructs proposed as predictors of DSIW in the garments manufacturing industry. These findings are a step forward and unique contribution of this study in the domain of CPP, SQ, CSR, EE, OP, OI and DSIW.

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Comparison of standardized sampling and measurement reference systems for aircraft engine non-volatile particulate matter emissions

Cited by 48 publications

References 41 publications

Measurement of Black Carbon Emissions from Multiple Engine and Source Types using Laser-Induced Incandescence: Sensitivity to Laser Fluence

Measurement of Black Carbon Emissions from Multiple Engine and Source Types using Laser-Induced Incandescence: Sensitivity to Laser Fluence

Experimental validation of thermophoretic and bend nanoparticle loss for a regulatory prescribed aircraft nvPM sampling system

Cleaner production practices at company level enhance the desire of employees to have a significant positive impact on society through work

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