Comparison of the acute toxicities of novel algicides, thiazolidinedione derivatives TD49 and TD53, to various marine organisms

Abstract

Acute toxicity assessments of new algicides, thiazolidinedione derivatives TD49 and TD53, to the marine ecological system were conducted. The toxicity assessments were performed using two of the new International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard methods employing Ulva pertusa Kjellman and three species representative of the marine ecological system, with the results compared by calculating the 50% effective concentration (EC50), 50% lethal concentration (LC50), no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC), and predicted-no-effect concentration (PNEC). In the acute toxicity assessment using the Kjellman, the EC50, NOEC, and PNEC of TD53 were 1.65 µM, 0.08 µM, and 1.65 nM, and those of TD49 were 0.18 µM, 0.63 µM, and 0.18 nM. In the assessments using Skeletonema costatum, Daphnia magna, and Paralichthys olivaceus fry, the EC50 or LC50 of TD53 were 1.53, 0.61, and 2.14 µM, respectively, indicating that D. magna was the most sensitive. The calculated NOEC and PNEC to D. magna were 0.25 µM and 6.10 nM, respectively. The LC50s (or EC50) of TD49 for the three species were 0.34, 0.68, and 0.58 µM. The NOEC and PNEC to S. costatum, the most sensitive species, were 0.2 µM and 3.4 nM, respectively. The slight difference in the chemical structures of the algicides caused significantly different sensitivities and specificities in the toxicities to the employed species. The results of the toxicity assessments showed that application concentrations for algiciding of red tide blooms were higher than the corresponding PNEC values. Therefore, we suggest that a formulization study of the algicides with high specificity should be conducted to reduce the surrounding ecological toxicity.

Toxic Effect of a Marine Bacterium on Aquatic Organisms and Its Algicidal Substances against Phaeocystis globosa

“…Zhou et al [ 44 ] indicated the 24h LC 50 of garlic solution to M. mongolica and B. plicatilis were 0.33 and 0.17% (v/v), respectively. Kim et al [ 45 ] reported the 72h LC 50 of thiazolidinedione derivatives TD49 to P. olivaceus was 0.58 μmol/L. Therefore, the algicidal substances of bacterium Bacillus sp.…”

Detoxification, Apoptosis, and Immune Transcriptomic Responses of the Gill Tissue of Bay Scallop Following Exposure to the Algicide Thiazolidinedione 49

“…In recent decades, rapid increases in agriculture and industrial processes, as well as population booms, have substantially increased the frequency, extent, and inducing factors of red tide globally. This increase in red tides may pose a threat to ecology, the aquaculture industry, and human health [6]. Many physiological and ecological investigations have been performed to reduce the severity of losses to coastal fisheries caused by red tides [2,3].…”

“…In the late 1990s, thiazolidinedione (TD) was developed as an adjunctive therapy for diabetes. TD acts by binding to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in the nucleus [6]; it has been shown to be highly effective and selective against harmful algae, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) in the nanomolar range [7]. The derivative TD 49 (TD 49 ) is a newly synthesized algicide that shows high toxicity at low concentrations of 0.1–2 μM against harmful algal species including Cochlodinium polykrikoides , Chattonella marina , and Heterosigma akashiwo [7], as well as very low toxicity to non-harmful algae, even at concentrations of over 100 μM [7].…”

“…The derivative TD 49 (TD 49 ) is a newly synthesized algicide that shows high toxicity at low concentrations of 0.1–2 μM against harmful algal species including Cochlodinium polykrikoides , Chattonella marina , and Heterosigma akashiwo [7], as well as very low toxicity to non-harmful algae, even at concentrations of over 100 μM [7]. The new International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard method, which uses algae, crustaceans, and fish as the three representative species for a marine ecological system, is usually employed for acute toxicity assessments [6]. Beak et al revealed that 0.6 μM TD 49 treatment had higher biodiversity indices than the high-concentration treatment (1 μM), which appeared to show a better algicidal effect with phytoplankton biodiversity enhancement [8], and Zooplankton were not affected by TD 49 concentration of <0.8 μM [9].…”

Construction of target‐specific virus‐like particles for the delivery of algicidal compounds to harmful algae

“…These observations imply that TD49 is an effective algicidal compound with sufficient environmental safety. Despite the aforementioned advantages, the potential for toxicity to other marine organisms at the currently employed TD49 concentrations still exists (Kim et al, 2011). By encapsidation within VLPs, the specificity and potency of TD49 at safer concentrations of < 1.0 μM might be achieved.…”