Comparison of unchanged n -hexane in alveolar air and 2,5-hexanedione in urine for the biological monitoring of n -hexane exposure in human volunteers

Hamelin, G.; Truchon, Ginette; Tardif, Robert

doi:10.1007/s00420-004-0506-5

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The LOD and LOQ of the method were 0.05 and 0.10 mg/L, respectively. These values are similar to those reported by Perbellini et al 21 and lower than the 0.14 mg/L LOQ reported by van Engelen et al 22 and the 0.97 mg/L LOD reported by Hamelin et al 16 , both obtained after liquid-liquid extraction. Table 1 shows the coefficients of variation and % recovery obtained for the concentrations studied in samples submitted to acid hydrolysis and without this pre-treatment.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Thus, the 2,5-HD concentrations detected in samples not submitted to hydrolysis are more specific for the toxic metabolite and, in the absence of homogeneity in the free/total ratio among different individuals, application of these results might lead to errors in the interpretation of data regarding a given environmental exposure to HEX. Hamelin et al 16 did not detect 2,5-HD in volunteers not exposed occupationally to HEX or in samples not submitted to hydrolysis, in contrast to hydrolyzed samples, a fact also indicating that the free compound better differentiates human beings exposed to the solvent from non-exposed ones.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) is the technique most widely used for the quantification of 2,5-HD in urine [15][16][17][18] , in addition to high-performance liquid chromatography using a reverse-phase column and UV or fluorescence detection 19,20 . Regardless of the analytical method used, the urine samples need to be pretreated prior to chromatographic analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary 2,5-hexanedione in workers exposed to n-hexane: influence of the sample treatment

Nolasco¹,

Gusmão²,

Siqueira³

2007

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 24/2/06; aceito em 6/9/06; publicado na web em 26/3/07The aim of the present study was to determine 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), a metabolite of n-hexane, by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection in 31 workers exposed to n-hexane after two types of sample pretreatment, i.e., with (total 2,5-HD) and without (free 2,5-HD) acid hydrolysis. The mean urinary 2,5-HD was 0.52 mg/L (free) and 2.88 mg/L (total), this difference being significant (Student t-test, p ≤ 0.05). The differences in the results according to the sample treatment support the need to modify the current Brazilian legislation, which proposes the analysis of 2,5-HD without indicating whether it is the free or total metabolite.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary 2,5-hexanedione in workers exposed to n-hexane: influence of the sample treatment

Nolasco¹,

Gusmão²,

Siqueira³

2007

Quím. Nova

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“…All the simulations were done for a standard male worker (70 kg laboratory. (13,14,40,41) The simulated TOL-U concentration was compared with values from recently published experimental studies. (21,23) The simulations were based on the same exposure schemes as for the human volunteers.…”

Section: Model Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Workload on Biological Monitoring of Occupational Exposure to Toluene and N-Hexane: Contribution of Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Modeling

Sari-Minodier

Truchon

Charest‐Tardif

et al. 2009

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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A physiologically based toxicokinetic model was used to examine the impact of work load on the relationship between the airborne concentrations and exposure indicator levels of two industrial solvents, toluene and n-Hexane. The authors simulated occupational exposure (8 hr/day, 5 days/week) at different concentrations, notably 20 ppm and 50 ppm, which are the current threshold limit values recommended by ACGIH for toluene and n-hexane, respectively. Different levels of physical activity, namely, rest, 25 W, and 50 W (for 12 hr followed by 12 hr at rest) were simulated to assess the impact of work load on the recommended biological exposure indices: toluene in blood prior to the last shift of the workweek, urinary o-cresol (a metabolite of toluene) at the end of the shift, and free (nonhydrolyzed) 2,5-hexanedione (a metabolite of n-hexane) at the end of the shift at the end of the workweek. In addition, urinary excretion of unchanged toluene was simulated. The predicted biological concentrations were compared with the results of both experimental studies among human volunteers and field studies among workers. The highest predicted increase with physical exercise was noted for toluene in blood (39 microg/L at 50 W vs. 14 microg/L at rest for 20 ppm, i.e., a 2.8-fold increase). The end-of-shift urinary concentrations of o-cresol and toluene were two times higher at 50 W than at rest (for 20 ppm, 0.65 vs. 0.33 mg/L for o-cresol and 43 vs. 21 microg/L for toluene). Urinary 2,5-hexanedione predicted for 50 ppm was 1.07 mg/L at 50 W and 0.92 mg/L at rest (+16%). The simulations that best describe the concentrations among workers exposed to toluene are those corresponding to 25 W or less. In conclusion, toxicokinetic modeling confirms the significant impact of work load on toluene exposure indicators, whereas only a very slight effect is noted on n-hexane kinetics. These results highlight the necessity of taking work load into account in risk assessment relative to toluene exposure.

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“…Toxicological effects of n-hexane involve damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems. [5][6][7] Exposure to benzene is less likely than that of n-hexane and toluene since its use as a solvent in industrial processes was banned in 1980. 8,9 The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 10 classified it as a potential carcinogenic type I.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of benzene, toluene and N-hexane in urine and blood by headspace solid-phase microextration/gas-chromatography for the biomonitoring of occupational exposure

Gomes¹,

D'andrea²,

Mendes³

et al. 2010

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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A análise de tolueno, benzeno e n-hexano inalterados em urina e sangue humano é uma ferramenta para avaliar a exposição ocupacional a esses solventes. Um método simples usando microextração em fase sólida acoplada ao headspace (HS-SPME), usando fibras de carboxeno/ polidimetilsiloxano (CAR-PDMS) e PDMS, para análise simultânea por cromatografia gasosa de tolueno, benzeno e n-hexano em urina e em sangue foi desenvolvido com intuito de realizar a monitorização biológica de indivíduos expostos ocupacionalmente a esses solventes. O método foi aplicado na análise de amostras de trabalhadores que utilizavam colas, contendo solventes, na recuperação de calçados. O tolueno foi detectado em todas as amostras de sangue coletadas em sapatarias quando se utilizou a fibra de CAR-PDMS (16,0-55,2 mg L ). O benzeno não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras de sangue e/ou urina. Nenhum dos solventes pode ser quantificado nas amostras de urina.Analysis of unchanged toluene, benzene and n-hexane in human blood and urine can be useful to evaluate occupational exposure to these solvents. A simple method was developed using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for simultaneous gas-chromatography analysis of toluene, benzene and n-hexane in urine and blood; with purpose of biological monitoring of occupational exposure. Carboxen/polidimethylsiloxane fiber (CAR-PDMS) and PDMS fiber coating were employed in this analysis. Blood and urine samples were collected from handling glue workers. The toluene was detected in all blood samples collected from workers handling glue in shoe repair shops, when using CAR-PDMS fibers (16.0-55.2 mg L -1 , n=7). n-Hexane was only detected in two blood samples (33.0 and 41.3 mg L -1 ) and benzene was not detected in anyone. No solvent could be quantified in urine samples.

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Comparison of unchanged n -hexane in alveolar air and 2,5-hexanedione in urine for the biological monitoring of n -hexane exposure in human volunteers

Cited by 16 publications

References 39 publications

Urinary 2,5-hexanedione in workers exposed to n-hexane: influence of the sample treatment

Urinary 2,5-hexanedione in workers exposed to n-hexane: influence of the sample treatment

The Effect of Workload on Biological Monitoring of Occupational Exposure to Toluene and N-Hexane: Contribution of Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Modeling

Determination of benzene, toluene and N-hexane in urine and blood by headspace solid-phase microextration/gas-chromatography for the biomonitoring of occupational exposure

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