Complete Genome Sequence of the Type Strain of
            <i>Macrococcus canis</i>

Brawand, Stefanie Gobeli; Rychener, Lorenz; Schwendener, Sybille; Pantůček, Roman; Perreten, Vincent

doi:10.1128/genomea.01507-17

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The potential for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is also supported by the identification of the mec complex-carrying transposon Tn 6045 on plasmid pMCCL2 (Baba et al, 2009 ). Similar elements were described in other M. caseolyticus strains (Tsubakishita et al, 2010 ) and an SCC mec element independent of Tn 6045 was identified in a chromosome of the recently described Macrococcus canis (Gómez-Sanz et al, 2015 ; Gobeli Brawand et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…caseolyticus subsp. nov. CCM 3540 T , sequenced in this study, and M. canis CCM 8748 T (Gobeli Brawand et al, 2018 ). The sequencing and assembly statistics of the whole genome sequences obtained from the type strains are shown in Table 2 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Comparative analysis showed that the phage ϕMC1 is highly similar in its major genomic modules, including its integrase and integration site, to the prophages of M. caseolyticus IMD0819 (Schwendener et al, 2017 ) and M. canis CCM 8748 T (Gobeli Brawand et al, 2018 ). ϕMC1 also exhibits high similarity to the φMCCL2 of M. caseolyticus JCSC5402 (Baba et al, 2009 ) (Figure 7B ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evolutionary history was inferred by the neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods using bootstrap values based on 1,000 replications with the software MEGA version 7 (Kumar et al, 2016 ). In addition, phylogenetic analysis was carried out using concatenated partial gene sequences and the corresponding proteins of the hsp60, rpoB, tuf , dnaJ, gap , and sod genes extracted from whole-genome sequencing data of representative strains analyzed in this study and reference sequences of M. canis CCM 8748 T (Gobeli Brawand et al, 2018 ) and S. sciuri DSM 20345 T (GenBank accession no. LEOS01000000 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The assembly computation and error correction was performed using the Assembler SPAdes version 3.11.1 pipeline (Nurk et al, 2013 ) with recommended parameters for Ion Torrent data. Contigs were then re-ordered according to the reference genome M. canis CCM 8748 T (Gobeli Brawand et al, 2018 ) using MauveContigMover (Rissman et al, 2009 ). Ordering was evaluated using assembly graph visualized in Bandage (Wick et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Description and Comparative Genomics of Macrococcus caseolyticus subsp. hominis subsp. nov., Macrococcus goetzii sp. nov., Macrococcus epidermidis sp. nov., and Macrococcus bohemicus sp. nov., Novel Macrococci From Human Clinical Material With Virulence Potential and Suspected Uptake of Foreign DNA by Natural Transformation

et al. 2018

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The genus Macrococcus is a close relative of the genus Staphylococcus. Whilst staphylococci are widespread as human pathogens, macrococci have not yet been reported from human clinical specimens. Here we investigated Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci recovered from human clinical material and identified as Macrococcus sp. by a polyphasic taxonomic approach and by comparative genomics. Relevant phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic methods divided the analyzed strains into two separate clusters within the genus Macrococcus. Comparative genomics of four representative strains revealed enormous genome structural plasticity among the studied isolates. We hypothesize that high genomic variability is due to the presence of a com operon, which plays a key role in the natural transformation of bacilli and streptococci. The possible uptake of exogenous DNA by macrococci can contribute to a different mechanism of evolution from staphylococci, where phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer predominates. The described macrococcal genomes harbor novel plasmids, genomic islands and islets, as well as prophages. Capsule gene clusters, intracellular protease, and a fibronectin-binding protein enabling opportunistic pathogenesis were found in all four strains. Furthermore, the presence of a CRISPR-Cas system with 90 spacers in one of the sequenced genomes corresponds with the need to limit the burden of foreign DNA. The highly dynamic genomes could serve as a platform for the exchange of virulence and resistance factors, as was described for the methicillin resistance gene, which was found on the novel composite SCCmec-like element containing a unique mec gene complex that is considered to be one of the missing links in SCC evolution. The phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic results demonstrated that the analyzed strains represent one novel subspecies and three novel species of the genus Macrococcus, for which the names Macrococcus caseolyticus subsp. hominis subsp. nov. (type strain CCM 7927T = DSM 103682T), Macrococcus goetzii sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4927T = DSM 103683T), Macrococcus epidermidis sp. nov. (type strain CCM 7099T = DSM 103681T), and Macrococcus bohemicus sp. nov. (type strain CCM 7100T = DSM 103680T) are proposed. Moreover, a formal description of Macrococcus caseolyticus subsp. caseolyticus subsp. nov. and an emended description of the genus Macrococcus are provided.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Description and Comparative Genomics of Macrococcus caseolyticus subsp. hominis subsp. nov., Macrococcus goetzii sp. nov., Macrococcus epidermidis sp. nov., and Macrococcus bohemicus sp. nov., Novel Macrococci From Human Clinical Material With Virulence Potential and Suspected Uptake of Foreign DNA by Natural Transformation

et al. 2018

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The bla and mec families of β-lactam resistance genes in the genera Macrococcus, Mammaliicoccus and Staphylococcus: an in-depth analysis with emphasis on Macrococcus

Schwendener

Perreten

2022

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

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β-Lactamases (Bla) and low-affinity penicillin-binding proteins (PBP2A) are responsible for β-lactam resistance in the genera Macrococcus, Mammaliicoccus and Staphylococcus. These resistance mechanisms are in most species acquired through mobile genetic elements that carry a blaZ-like β-lactamase gene for penicillin resistance and/or a mec gene (mecA, mecB, mecC, mecD) encoding a PBP2A for resistance to virtually all classes of β-lactams. The mecA and mecC genes can be acquired through staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements in Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus. The mecB and mecD genes are found in Macrococcus on SCCmec elements, as well as on unrelated mecD-carrying Macrococcus resistance islands (McRImecD) and large mecB-carrying plasmids. This review provides a phylogenetic overview of Macrococcus, Mammaliicoccus and Staphylococcus species and an in-depth analysis of the genetic structures carrying bla and mec genes in these genera. Native bla genes were detected in species belonging to the novobiocin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus group and Mammaliicoccus. The evolutionary relatedness between Macrococcus and Mammaliicoccus is illustrated on the basis of a similar set of intrinsic PBPs, especially, the presence of a second class A PBP. The review further focuses on macrococcal elements carrying mecB and mecD, and compares them with structures present in Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus. It also discusses the different recombinases (ccr of SCCmec) and integrases (int of McRI) that contribute to the mobility of methicillin resistance genes, revealing Macrococcus as an important source for mobilization of antibiotic resistance genes within the family of Staphylococcaceae.

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Macrococcus canis contains recombinogenic methicillin resistance elements and the mecB plasmid found in Staphylococcus aureus

Chanchaithong

Perreten

Schwendener

2019

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

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Objectives To analyse the genetic context of mecB in two Macrococcus canis strains from dogs, compare the mecB-containing elements with those found in other Macrococcus and Staphylococcus species, and identify possible mobilizable mecB subunits. Methods Whole genomes of the M. canis strains Epi0076A and KM0218 were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technologies. Multiple PCRs and restriction analysis confirmed structures of mecB-containing elements, circularization and recombination of mecB subunits. Results Both M. canis strains contained novel composite pseudo (Ψ) staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements. Integration site sequences for SCC flanked and subdivided composite ΨSCCmecEpi0076A (69569 bp) into ΨSCC1Epi0076A-ΨSCCmecEpi0076A-ΨSCC2Epi0076A and composite ΨSCCmecKM0218 (24554 bp) into ΨSCCKM0218-ΨSCCmecKM0218. Putative γ-haemolysin genes (hlgB and hlgC) were found at the 3′ end of both composite elements. ΨSCCmecKM0218 contained a complete mecB gene complex (mecIm-mecR1m-mecB-blaZm) downstream of a new IS21-family member (ISMaca1). ΨSCCmecEpi0076A carried a blaZm-deleted mecB gene complex similar to that reported in ‘Macrococcus goetzii’ CCM4927T. A second mecB gene was found on the 81325 bp MDR plasmid pKM0218 in KM0218. This plasmid contained a complete Tn6045-associated mecB gene complex distinct from that of ΨSCCmecKM0218. pKM0218 was almost identical to the mecB-containing plasmid recently reported in Staphylococcus aureus (overall 99.96% nucleotide identity). Mobilization of mecB within an unconventional circularizable structure was observed in Epi0076A as well as chromosomal plasmid insertion via recombination of mecB operons in KM0218. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence of both the continuing evolution of mecB-containing elements in macrococci and M. canis as a potential source of the mecB-containing plasmid found in staphylococci.

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Complete Genome Sequence of the Type Strain of Macrococcus canis

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

The bla and mec families of β-lactam resistance genes in the genera Macrococcus, Mammaliicoccus and Staphylococcus: an in-depth analysis with emphasis on Macrococcus

Macrococcus canis contains recombinogenic methicillin resistance elements and the mecB plasmid found in Staphylococcus aureus

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