Complex interactions in soil-transmitted helminth co-infections from a cross-sectional study in Sri Lanka

Lepper, Hannah C.; Prada, Joaquín M.; Davis, Emma L; Gunawardena, Sharmini; Hollingsworth, T. Déirdre

doi:10.1093/trstmh/try068

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Some years later, data from these three studies were re-analysed to evaluate patterns of coinfection and changes in egg deposition. 19 This analysis found positive associations between T. trichiura and both N. americanus and A. lumbricoides, but no association between N. americanus and Ascaris. It was shown that N. americanus and Ascaris infections had lower egg depositions when they were in single infections than when they were co-infecting.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Sth Infections and Factors Affecting Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 75%

The soil-transmitted helminths in Sri Lanka: a review of the recent literature

Silva

2018

Sri Lankan J Infec Dis

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The major soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Necator americanus have been recognized as endemic in Sri Lanka for over a century. Although prevalence rates have declined drastically over this period because of mass deworming programmes and improved housing, these infections are still found in high risk communities with poor access to sanitation. The available scientific literature published on STH infections in Sri Lanka from around the year 2000 onwards is reviewed here in three broad areas: prevalence of STH infections and factors affecting transmission, impact of control activities on prevalence and drug resistance, and the impact of STH infections on the health of infected individuals. In conclusion, an overview of the current control strategy adopted by the Ministry of Health in Sri Lanka is presented.

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Section: Prevalence Of Sth Infections and Factors Affecting Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 75%

The soil-transmitted helminths in Sri Lanka: a review of the recent literature

Silva

2018

Sri Lankan J Infec Dis

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“…Positive interactions between micro-and macro-parasites, mediated by trade-offs in the immune functions and responses, are expected to benefit one or both parasites [11,13]. For helminth co-infections, synergistic effects could emerge throughout diverse processes; for example, the allocation of IgE against helminth species could help explain the positive correlation between Ascaris lumbricoides and both Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections in humans (15,(54)(55)(56). Similarly, the cocirculation of Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta in domestic and wild animal populations is facilitated by their immunomodulatory properties [57] and could be complemented by asymmetric immune reactions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Enemy of my Enemy is my Friend: Immune-Mediated Facilitation Contributes to Fitness of Co-Infecting Helminths

Cattadori

Vanalli

2021

Preprint

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Our conceptual understanding of immune-mediated interactions between parasites is rooted in the theory of community ecology. One of the limitations of this approach is that most of the theory and empirical evidence has focused on resource or immune-mediated parasite competition and yet, there is ample evidence of positive interactions between species that could be generated by immune-mediated facilitation. Here, we develop an immuno-epidemiological framework and apply it to longitudinal infection data of two gastrointestinal helminths that infect a population of free-living rabbits to investigate, through model testing, the mechanisms of immune-mediated facilitation in dual infections. Simulations show that weakened, species-specific IgA antibody responses and unequal, albeit low, IgA cross-reactions explain higher parasite intensities in dual compared to single infections, for both helminths. Simulations also show that rabbits with dual infections shed more free-living stages that survive fort longer in the environment, implying greater onward transmission than hosts with single infections. These findings support the hypothesis that the two helminths interact through immune-mediated facilitation which contributes to greater fitness and the long-term co-circulation of both species in the host population.

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“…In many parts of the world, mainly in tropical regions, a high prevalence of intestinal parasites is common in humans, especially in school‐age children 52–69 . The most prevalent parasite in this survey was B .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Intestinal polyparasitism and levels of mucosal anthelmintic SIgA in children from endemic areas in Northeastern Brazil

Oliveira

et al. 2021

Parasite Immunology

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Interactions between parasites during co‐infections are often complex and can impact immunization and treatment programmes, as well as disease outcomes and morbidity. However, little is known about these interactions and the mechanisms involved. In this study, a coproparasitological survey was carried out in school‐age children living in endemic areas of parasitic infection in the state of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil. Anti‐helminth‐specific and total secretory immunoglobulin‐A (SIgA) levels were measured in stool and saliva samples and were compared in children presenting monoparasitism, polyparasitism (helminths and/or intestinal protozoa) and no infections. The survey showed that protozoa were more prevalent than helminths, and that there was a high frequency of polyparasitism in the studied population, mainly from combinations of protozoan species. Although less frequent, combinations between species of protozoa and helminths were also observed. The levels of salivary SIgA in these co‐infected individuals were lower than the average observed in infections with helminths alone. Although the children participating in this survey were asymptomatic, and it was, therefore, not possible to evaluate the impact of salivary SIgA reduction on the diseases, and the study highlights the need for further investigations of co‐infections by intestinal parasites and the effects on immune response induced by the interactions between different parasites.

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Complex interactions in soil-transmitted helminth co-infections from a cross-sectional study in Sri Lanka

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

The soil-transmitted helminths in Sri Lanka: a review of the recent literature

The soil-transmitted helminths in Sri Lanka: a review of the recent literature

The Enemy of my Enemy is my Friend: Immune-Mediated Facilitation Contributes to Fitness of Co-Infecting Helminths

Intestinal polyparasitism and levels of mucosal anthelmintic SIgA in children from endemic areas in Northeastern Brazil

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