Composition of Human Plaque Fluid

Moreno, E.C.; Margolis, Henry C.

doi:10.1177/00220345880670090701

Cited by 110 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Mayhew et al, 1975;Gorbach et al, 1976;Ladas et al, 1979). Over the next 20 years, these microbiological methods were further refined, the experiments repeated, and the results verified by a number of other investigators examining oral microbes (e.g., Geddes, 1975;Gilmour., 1976;Touw et al, 1982;Vratsanos and Mandel, 1982;van Steenbergen et al, 1986;Moreno and Margolis, 1988;Lucarelli et al, 1990;Margolis et al, 1993;Kurita-Ochiai et al, 1995). The concentration ranges and the ratios of SCCA varied somewhat with each investigation.…”

Section: Short-chain Carboxylic Acid Generation By Periodontal Microbmentioning

confidence: 96%

Short-Chain Carboxylic-Acid-Stimulated, PMN-Mediated Gingival Inflammation

Niederman

Zhang²,

Kashket³

1997

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

121

105

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This communication reviews the effects of short-chain carboxylic acids on human cells of importance to the periodontium. The central hypothesis is that these acids can alter both cell function and gene expression, and thus contribute to the initiation and prolongation of gingival inflammation.Short-chain carboxylic acids [CH3-(CH2)x-COOH, x < 31 are metabolic intermediates with a broad range of apparently paradoxical biological effects. For example, lactic acid (CH3-CHOH-COOH), a 3-carbon alpha-hydroxy-substituted acid, is widely recognized for its cariogenicity. Lactic acid, however, also occurs in tropical fruits, and is the active ingredient in a variety of anti-wrinkle creams developed by dermatologists. In marked contrast, the unsubstituted 3-carbon propionic acid (CH3-CH2-COOH) is used as a food preservative and is the active principle for one class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Interestingly, the addition of one carbon to propionic acid dramatically changes the biological effects. The unsubstituted 4-carbon butyric acid (CH3-CH2-CH 2-COOH) is used by hematologists as a de-differentiating agent for the treatment of sickle cell anemia, but by oncologists as a differentiating agent for cancer chemotherapy. Finally, acting either individually or in concert, these acids can increase vascular dilation. Clearly, these acids, while metabolically derived, have a number of very divergent activities which are cell-type-specific (Fig. 1).It may be telling that periodontal bacteria produce these acids in millimolar concentrations, and that these bacteria can be characterized by their acid production profiles. It is no less interesting that these acids occur in the gingival crevices of human subjects with severe periodontal disease at millimolar levels which are > 10-fold higher than those found in mildly diseased subjects, and are undetectable in healthy subjects. Further, when applied directly to healthy human gingiva, short-chain carboxylic acids stimulate a gingival inflammatory response and inflammatory cytokine release, At the cellular level, these acids inhibit proliferation of gingival epithelial and endothelial cells, and inhibit leukocyte apoptosis and function, but can stimulate leukocyte cytokine release. At the molecular level, these acids can stimulate neutrophil gene transcription, translation, and protein expression. Thus, the likelihood is high that these acids, in addition to their cariogenic activity, can promote and prolong gingival inflammation.Our challenge will be to identify the cell or cells of the periodontium which respond to short-chain carboxylic acids, to delineate their responses and the molecular mechanism(s) of these effects, and to categorize the aspects of the inflammatory components which damage and those which protect the host. With this information, it may be possible to begin to rationally identify and test pharmaceutical agents which diminish the harmful aspects, while enhancing the beneficial components, of the inflammatory response.

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Section: Short-chain Carboxylic Acid Generation By Periodontal Microbmentioning

confidence: 96%

Short-Chain Carboxylic-Acid-Stimulated, PMN-Mediated Gingival Inflammation

Niederman

Zhang²,

Kashket³

1997

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

121

105

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“…The calcium and phosphate concentrations of solution No. 1 were chosen to imitate those found in human plaque fluid [Moreno and Margolis, 1988]. The concentration of lactic acid and pH was decided through trials to produce appropriate subsurface lesion.…”

Section: Preparation Of Demineralizing Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Reduction of Enamel Demineralization by Calcium and Phosphate in vitro

Tanaka¹,

Kadoma

2000

Caries Res

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In theory, calcium and phosphate in the plaque fluid exert a large influence on the demineralization of enamel surface. In order to know the effect of increasing the concentration of either of these factors, the following in vitro experiment was conducted. Three thin sections, about 150 Ìm thick, were cut out from each of 13 human premolars. All surfaces of the sections, except for the original enamel surface, were coated with nail varnish. These sections were immersed into one of two sets of demineralizing solutions for 1 week at 25°C. Each set, the ‘calcium set’ and the ‘phosphate set’, contained three solutions. The composition of these solutions differed mainly in calcium or phosphate concentrations. After 1 week, the degree of demineralization was determined by image analysis of contact microradiograms from each section. The subsurface demineralization in enamel was reduced by 95% by increasing the calcium concentration of the demineralizing solution from 7 to 21 mmol/l. A similar reduction (87%) was observed by increasing the phosphate concentration. However, the amount of phosphate needed was approximately 20 times more than that of calcium. The larger inhibitory effect that calcium has on enamel demineralization was related to the larger effect it has on the degree of saturation of the solution. Even though no statistically significant difference was found between the effect of calcium and phosphate on the demineralization of enamel (when the solutions had the same degree of saturation), the difference in the standard deviation of demineralization suggests the existence of some other factors which have an influence on the demineralization reaction.

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“…Ip HA was calculated by computer software developed by the Forsyth Institute. 13 As described in the equation, Ip HA is a comprehensive parameter which involves the influence of calcium and phosphate concentrations and the pH of saliva on de-and remineralization. This parameter governs the rate of de-and remineralization of enamel, i.e., the greater the value of Ip HA , the greater the rate of remineralization potential.…”

Section: Measurement Of Total Phosphate Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between quantitative assessments of salivary buffering capacity and ion activity product for hydroxyapatite in relation to cariogenic potential

Aiuchi

Kitasako

Fukuda

et al. 2008

Australian Dental Journal

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Background: The ion activity product for hydroxyapatite (Ip HA ) is a comprehensive parameter reflecting pH, calcium and phosphate ion concentration in saliva which govern the degree of saturation with respect to the dissolving tooth mineral. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between quantitative assessments of salivary buffering capacity and Ip HA in relation to cariogenic potential. Methods: Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 33 patients, and the initial pH of samples was measured using a handheld pH meter. Then samples were titrated with 0.1 N HCl to evaluate buffering capacities and divided into three groups (high, medium and low). After measuring concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in the samples, Ip HA was calculated using the values of the ion concentrations and pH. Differences in the mean pH values, the concentrations of calcium, phosphate ions and log[Ip HA ] among three groups were analysed using the Kruskal Wallis and the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test, p < 0.05. Results: After HCl 50 lL titration, there were statistical differences of the mean pH and Ip HA among each buffering capacity group. Moreover, after 50 lL HCl titration, there was an excellent correlation between the buffer capacity and log[Ip HA ]. Conclusions: The pH change for saliva after HCl titration has a significant influence on the rate of Ip HA .

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Composition of Human Plaque Fluid

Cited by 110 publications

References 38 publications

Short-Chain Carboxylic-Acid-Stimulated, PMN-Mediated Gingival Inflammation

Short-Chain Carboxylic-Acid-Stimulated, PMN-Mediated Gingival Inflammation

Comparative Reduction of Enamel Demineralization by Calcium and Phosphate in vitro

Relationship between quantitative assessments of salivary buffering capacity and ion activity product for hydroxyapatite in relation to cariogenic potential

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