Computational Design, Freeform Fabrication and Testing of Nylon-6 Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

Das, Suman; Hollister, Scott J.; Flanagan, Colleen L.; Adewunmi, Adebisi; Bark, Karlin; Chen, Cindy; Ramaswamy, Krishnan; Rose, Daniel M.; Widjaja, Erwin

doi:10.1557/proc-758-ll5.7

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Rapid prototyping (RP) [174,175] or solid free-form (SFF) [115,176,177] fabrication, are common terms for a group of techniques that model a scaffold directly from a computer-aided design (CAD) data set. RP techniques mostly build up a specific body shape by the selective addition of material, layer-by-layer, guided by a computer program [178].…”

Section: Rapid Prototyping/solid Free-form Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and preparation of polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering

Weigel

Schinkel

Lendlein

2006

Expert Review of Medical Devices

210

154

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Polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering can be prepared with a multitude of different techniques. Many diverse approaches have recently been under development. The adaptation of conventional preparation methods, such as electrospinning, induced phase separation of polymer solutions or porogen leaching, which were developed originally for other research areas, are described. In addition, the utilization of novel fabrication techniques, such as rapid prototyping or solid free-form procedures, with their many different methods to generate or to embody scaffold structures or the usage of selfassembly systems that mimic the properties of the extracellular matrix are also described. These methods are reviewed and evaluated with specific regard to their utility in the area of tissue engineering.Expert Rev. Med. Devices 3(6), 835-851 (2006) The technology of tissue engineering aims to generate new or substitute damaged or malfunctioning tissue or organs and could well become an alternative method to whole organ transplantation [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In the last decade particularly, enormous advances have been made in the area of tissue regeneration for therapeutical purposes. Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary research area in which principles of material science/engineering and cell biology/life science are combined. The methods of tissue engineering have been applied to different types of tissue, including skin [7][8][9][10][11], bone [12][13][14][15][16], liver [17][18][19][20][21], intestine [22][23][24][25][26][27], esophagus [28][29][30][31][32], valve leaflets [33][34][35][36], muscle [37][38][39] and tongue [40][41][42], the vascular system [43][44][45][46][47], for craniofacial defects [48][49][50], tendons and ligaments [51][52][53][54][55], cartilage [56][57][58][59][60] and nerve tissue [61][62][63][64][65]. Since the early commercialization of tissue-engineered applications, for example, the work of Bell and colleagues [66], research with stem cells [3,[67][68][69] and the use of growth factors [70][71][72][73] that support cell differentiation and proliferation, have provided new opportunities in the field of tissue engineering. At present, tissue engineering methods generally require the use of a porous scaffold that serves as a matrix for initial cell attachment and subsequently for tissue formation in vitro and in vivo. Up to now scaffolds made from biomaterials have temporarily substituted the extracellular matrix (ECM). Such biomaterials can be of natural origin, such as organic collagen [74][75][76], fibrin glue [77][78][79], hyaluronic acid [80][81][82] or the inorganic-like coralline [83,84]. Synthetic polymeric materials have also been investigated, including, for example, aliphatic, copolyesters [85][86][87], polyhydroxyalkanoates [88][89][90] and polyethylene glycol [91,92], or inorganic materials, such as hydroxyapatite [48,93,94], tricalciumphosphate [95,96], glass ceramics and glass [97][98][99].The intrinsic material properties, such as the mechanical [100] or thermal [101,102] be...

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Section: Rapid Prototyping/solid Free-form Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and preparation of polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering

Weigel

Schinkel

Lendlein

2006

Expert Review of Medical Devices

210

154

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Tan et al [10] and Chua 2 METHODS et al [11] demonstrated the ability of SLS to fabricate physically blended hydroxyapatite (HA)-poly(ether-2.1 Polyamide, hydroxyapatite raw materials and ether-ketone) (PEEK) and HA-poly(vinyl alcohol) hydroxyapatite-polyamide composite composites for tissue scaffold development and powders observed micropores on the scaffold surface. Das and co-workers [12][13][14] investigated the production For this research, commercial SLS material-grade fine nylon was used as the binder, to isolate and of HA-poly-(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) parts by SLS and found that the ultimate compressive strength and clarify variables within the investigation and to evaluate the viability of using the SLS process to fabelastic modulus were in the lower limits of reported values for cancellous bone. In addition, using comricate structures with the maximum HA content possible and to assess the internal structure fabriputational designs, this technique was used to manufacture tissue-engineering scaffolds with periodic cated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of porous bioactive structures using the selective laser sintering technique

Savalani

Hao

Zhang

et al. 2007

Proc Inst Mech Eng H

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Hydroxyapatite, a ceramic with which natural bone inherently bonds, has been incorporated into a polymer matrix to enhance the bioactivity of implant materials. In order to manufacture custom-made bioactive implants rapidly, selective laser sintering has been investigated to fabricate hydroxyapatite and polyamide composites and their properties investigated. One objective of this research was to identify the maximum hydroxyapatite content that could be incorporated into the matrix, which was sintered at various parameters. The study focused on investigating the control of porosity and pore size of the matrix by manipulating the selective laser sintering parameters of the laser power and laser scan speed. The interception method was used to analyse the internal porous morphology of the matrices which were crosssectioned through the vertical plane. Most notably, all structures built demonstrated interconnection and penetration throughout the matrix. Liquid displacement was also used to analyse the porosity of the matrices. The laser power showed a negative relationship between porosity and variation in parameter values until a critical power value was reached. However, the same relationship for laser scan speed matrices was inconsistent. The effects of the laser power and laser scanning speed on the features of porous structures that could influence cell spreading, proliferation, and bone regeneration are presented.

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“…Tan et al 23 and Chua et al 24 demonstrated the ability of SLS to fabricate physically blended hydroxyapatite (HA)-poly (ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) and HA-poly (vinyl alcohol) composites for tissue scaffold development and observed micropores on the scaffold surface. Das et al 25 investigated the production of HA-poly-(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) parts by SLS and noted the ultimate compressive strength and elastic modulus to be in the lower limits of reported values for cancellous bone. During the early stages, application of laser sintering to fabricate implants with composites of HA and b-TCP materials 26 involved coating, reinforcing, and blending of the ceramic powder with a secondary polymeric binder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective laser sintering of polymer biocomposites based on polymethyl methacrylate

Velu

Singamneni

2014

J. Mater. Res.

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Materials and processes used for medical applications should have specific attributes. For bone repair and reconstruction, controlled open porosity and osteoconductivity are essential apart from mechanical strength and biocompatibility. Several forms of calcium phosphates are often used for these applications, considering properties similar to bone minerals, but often in combinations with other biopolymers. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and b-tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP) are identified as a suitable combination for the current research, considering specific properties both individually and in combinations, when processed by different means for specific medical applications. Specific responses of the biocomposite material formed by mechanically mixing the two materials in the powder form to selective laser sintering (SLS) under varying conditions are investigated. The results indicate the suitability of the material system for SLS, while controlled porosity and mechanical property combinations are possible by optimizing material composition and process parameters.

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Computational Design, Freeform Fabrication and Testing of Nylon-6 Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

Cited by 15 publications

References 22 publications

Design and preparation of polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering

Design and preparation of polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering

Fabrication of porous bioactive structures using the selective laser sintering technique

Selective laser sintering of polymer biocomposites based on polymethyl methacrylate

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