Computational modeling of rubber-toughening in amorphous thermoplastic polymers: a review

Giessen, E. van der; Seelig, Thomas

doi:10.1007/s10704-015-0066-6

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The behavior of ABS materials varies significantly with the rubber content [1]. Due to the unknown grade of ABS in the actual PC/ABS blends two extreme cases of ABS behavior from the literature are considered here [6], [7].…”

Section: Constitutive Modeling Of the Individual Phases And Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model's parameters were calibrated to experimental data fom [5] and the characteristic softening upon yield as well as the progressive hardening for large strains are well reproduced (Fig. 4).The behavior of ABS materials varies significantly with the rubber content [1]. Due to the unknown grade of ABS in the actual PC/ABS blends two extreme cases of ABS behavior from the literature are considered here [6], [7].…”

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confidence: 98%

“…[1]. In this contribution, two commercial PC/ABS blends of different composition and morphology are approximated through appropriate unit cell models featuring the two constituents PC and ABS as distinct phases.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…1 PC/ABS blends, blend morphologies and unit cell models PC/ABS blends are composed of the thermoplastic polymers polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). These blends combine the strength of PC with the fracture toughness of the rubber-toughened ABS [1]. ABS is overall plastically dilatant due to the underlying micromechanisms rubber-particle cavitation, void growth and crazing.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These blends combine the strength of PC with the fracture toughness of the rubber-toughened ABS [1]. ABS is overall plastically dilatant due to the underlying micromechanisms rubber-particle cavitation, void growth and crazing.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Multiscale modeling of thermoplastic PC/ABS blends

Hund

Seelig

2017

Proc Appl Math and Mech

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Rubber-toughened thermoplastic polymers such as PC/ABS blends exhibit a pronounced plastic dilatancy in their overall deformation behavior which results primarily from damage mechanisms in the ABS phase while PC behaves plastically incompressible, e.g. [1]. In this contribution, two commercial PC/ABS blends of different composition and morphology are approximated through appropriate unit cell models featuring the two constituents PC and ABS as distinct phases. Different visco-plasticity models are utilized to capture the specific deformation behavior of each phase. Numerical studies of the unit cell models looking at the effect of the blend composition on the overall response are compared with experimental data. 1 PC/ABS blends, blend morphologies and unit cell models PC/ABS blends are composed of the thermoplastic polymers polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). These blends combine the strength of PC with the fracture toughness of the rubber-toughened ABS [1]. ABS is overall plastically dilatant due to the underlying micromechanisms rubber-particle cavitation, void growth and crazing. PC, in contrast, behaves plastically incompressible.Two commercial PC/ABS blends, Bayblend T45 and Bayblend T85, of covestro AG are considered in this work. Bayblend T45 features a PC/ABS ratio of 45/55 wt% while T85 has a 70/30 wt% PC/ABS ratio. The different compositions are reflected in the uniaxial stress-strain response as well as the dilation behavior. Bayblend T85 exhibits a higher overall stress response which can be attributed to its higher PC content (Fig. 1). A more pronounced dilation is found for Bayblend T45 caused by its higher ABS content (Fig. 2).Owing to differences in composition PC/ABS blends display different morphologies. In PC-rich blends (e.g. Bayblend T85) typically the ABS is dispersed as particles in the PC matrix whereas a co-continuous (interpenetrating) phase morphology is observed in blends with approximately equal PC and ABS content such as Bayblend T45 [2]. Assuming idealized periodic microstructures in the present work, the different morphologies are approximated by the unit cell models shown in Fig. 3. For the matrix-particle structure of the PC/ABS = 70/30 blend a body-centered cubic (BCC) arrangement was chosen (Fig. 3 a). The co-continuous morphology of the PC/ABS = 45/55 is approximated with an interpenetrating phase (IPP) structure (Fig. 3 b). 2 Constitutive modeling of the individual phases and parameter calibration For modeling of the individual PC and ABS phases two qualitatively different visco-plasticity models are utilized. The meanwhile standard model for neat glassy polymers by Boyce and coworkers [4] is chosen for the PC phase. Due to the purely deviatoric plastic part of the rate of deformation tensor this material model behaves plastically incompressible. The model's parameters were calibrated to experimental data fom [5] and the characteristic softening upon yield as well as the progressive hardening for large strains are well reproduced (Fig. 4).The behav...

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Section: Constitutive Modeling Of the Individual Phases And Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 98%

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confidence: 99%

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Multiscale modeling of thermoplastic PC/ABS blends

Hund

Seelig

2017

Proc Appl Math and Mech

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Preparation and properties of CNTs loaded bisphenol F epoxy nanocomposites modified by noncovalent dispersant and nonionic surfactant

Xue

Luo

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Epoxy resin is one of the most important matrix materials in the field of high performance composites. Its mechanical strength, toughness, and thermal stability are very important to the properties of composites. In this paper, the improvement of epoxy resin properties by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is mainly studied. First, aniline trimer (AT) and polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether (Triton X‐100) are combined to modify CNTs. Then the dispersed CNTs (treated‐CNTs) are used to prepare bisphenol F epoxy nanocomposites. The dispersion of CNTs and fracture surface of composites are analyzed by SEM and TEM. The combination of AT and Triton X‐100 with CNTs is analyzed by UV–vis and FTIR. The mechanical, thermodynamic, tribological properties, and crosslinking density changes of epoxy composites are evaluated. The results show that AT and Triton X‐100 are successfully bonded to the surface of CNTs. The dispersion effect of treated‐CNTs in the composites is better than that of the original CNTs, which have a better reinforcing and toughening effect on the composites. The introduction of treated‐CNT reduces the crosslinking density and glass transition temperature of the composites, but does not affect the thermal stability of the composites before 300°C.

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Comparison of dilatant plasticity models in application to rubber‐toughened polymers

Hund

Naumann

Seelig

2016

Proc Appl Math and Mech

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The overall deformation behavior of rubber-toughened polymers (e.g. PC/ABS blends) exhibits a pronounced plastic dilatancy. As this volume increase results from diverse micromechanisms the appropriate structure of a macroscopic model is not obvious. In this contribution, different material models featuring plastic dilatancy are compared with regard to their ability to capture the deformation behavior of PC/ABS in different loading situations. All models are calibrated to match experimental data under uniaxial tension in terms of true stress-strain curves and the evolution of volume strain. Afterwards they are employed in finite element (FE) simulations of single-edge-notch-tensile (SENT) tests. Patterns of plastic deformation computed from the different material models are compared to experimental findings. Experimental studyUniaxial tensile tests on a commercial PC/ABS blend were carried out at different strain rates. Through the assumption of equal transverse and through-thickness strain, the true stress-strain response and the evolution of the volume strain was determined using digital image correlation (DIC). The stress-strain behavior features a small elastic range up to a distinct yield point at about 5 % strain (Fig. 1). Thereafter, the material exhibits intrinsic softening before progressively rehardening until failure takes place at a logarithmic strain of about 0.7. Moreover, it was found that a ten times higher strain rate leads to increased stress in the plastic range (Fig. 1). Owing to well known [1] yet here not further studied micromechanisms such as void growth and crazing, the overall response of PC/ABS under uniaxial tension exhibits a pronounced plastic dilatancy shown in Fig. 2. In order to analyze the behavior of the PC/ABS material in more complex loading situations SENT tests have been performed. Using DIC plastic deformations were found to localize in an elongated zone ahead of the notch (Fig. 3) which is typical for rubber-toughened polymers [1]. The notch radius in these tests was 1 mm while the specimen thickness was 3 mm. Constitutive modelsThree different isotropic yield functions accounting for a dependence on hydrostatic stress and -in conjunction with an associated flow rule-giving rise to plastic volume strain are analyzed with respect to their capability to describe the behavior of PC/ABS. These are the Drucker-Prager (DP) and the Raghava (R) model featuring a linear and non-linear interrelation between von Mises σ e and hydrostatic stress σ m , respectively, and a simplified Gurson-type (or Green) model (G) where in addition the effect of an evolving porosity f is taken into account [2-4]. The corresponding yield functions readand the plastic part of the rate-of-deformation tensor is given by D p =ε p N with N = (∂Φ/∂σ) / ∂Φ/∂σ . Rate dependence is captured byε p =ε 0 g (Φ) whereε 0 is a reference strain rate and g (Φ) describes the influence of stress. The parameter α, which is different in each model, takes the specific pressure dependency into account and k(ε p ) represent...

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Computational modeling of rubber-toughening in amorphous thermoplastic polymers: a review

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Multiscale modeling of thermoplastic PC/ABS blends

Multiscale modeling of thermoplastic PC/ABS blends

Preparation and properties of CNTs loaded bisphenol F epoxy nanocomposites modified by noncovalent dispersant and nonionic surfactant

Comparison of dilatant plasticity models in application to rubber‐toughened polymers

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