Computer-assisted orthognathic surgery: feasibility study using multiple CAD/CAM surgical splints

Surgical accuracy of three-dimensional virtual planning: a pilot study of bimaxillary orthognathic procedures including maxillary segmentation

“…Conventionally designed surgical splints cannot help stabilize the condylar position. New, promising designs of surgical splints have emerged, which may help control seating during surgery, as proposed by Zinser et al 13,27 Furthermore, inadequate dental seating in the surgical splints or slight malocclusion in the splint may cause vertical differences from autorotation of the mandible. The splint may also be deformed due to resistance of the palatal soft tissues to expansion, despite initial fit without interference at occlusal points (Fig.…”

Development of customized positioning guides using computer-aided design and manufacturing technology for orthognathic surgery

“…Bai et al proposed a pair of surface templates fabricated using CAD/CAM technique to reduce both the efforts and possible errors arising from the conventional approach and operation time [10]. Zinser et al [11] reported a virtual planning method that entailed incorporating a specially designed surgical splint and did not require two-dimensional planning and arbitrary splints. Bai et al [12] also presented a procedure for two-jaw orthognathic surgery; the proposed procedure entailed using CAD/CAM locating guides and prebent titanium plates to position the maxillary segment in a fast and accurate manner.…”

“…Polley et al [15] introduced an occlusal-based "orthognathic positioning system" for translating a virtual plan to actual operating theater. Although these techniques suggested an acceptable degree of translation accuracy, users continued to find them complicated in design and fabrication and experienced inconvenience or inflexibility during the surgery [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Using CAD/CAM technology for facilitating orthognathic surgery is an evolving subject.…”

Three-dimensional printed final occlusal splint for orthognathic surgery: design and validation

“…1 Recent developments in dentomaxillofacial imaging using computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT (CBCT) have allowed further developments in computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software, leading to a variety of algorithms and software for threedimensional (3D) virtual planning of orthognathic surgery. [2][3][4][5] The main advantages of 3D planning include the production of a virtual skull and dentition and the direct production of digital and subsequent physical splints, 6 leading to more accurate planning, time savings, and better results. Previous research has investigated the accuracy of final digital splints in smallscale validation studies with a maximum of 10 cases, 3,6,7 or simply through proof of concept.…”

“…[2][3][4][5] The main advantages of 3D planning include the production of a virtual skull and dentition and the direct production of digital and subsequent physical splints, 6 leading to more accurate planning, time savings, and better results. Previous research has investigated the accuracy of final digital splints in smallscale validation studies with a maximum of 10 cases, 3,6,7 or simply through proof of concept. 8 Comparisons were made to conventional manual splints and considered as the ground truth, which is not entirely correct.…”