Concentration and chemical characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China: 2001–2002

Duan, Fengkui; He, Kebin; L, Y; Yang, Fumo; Yu, Xiangyao; Cadle, Steven H.; Chan, Tommy; Mulawa, Patricia A.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.001

Cited by 248 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…At the roof level, the average concentrations of those 12 elements were 2724 (Al), 1908 (Fe), 570.3 (Zn), 212.3 (Pb), 72.19 (Mn), 53.55 (Cu), 25.64 (As), 9.764 (Cr), 6.345 (Ni), 4.732 (Cd), 2.185 (Mo) and 0.816 ng/m 3 (Co). These data are comparable to those reported by Wang et al, (2006) and Duan et al (2006) for Guangzhou and Beijing, but are much higher than major cities around the world where more strict emission standards are applied (Ariola et al, 2006;Lee et al, 2003;Louie et al, 2005;Singh et al, 2002).…”

Section: Trace Metal Analysissupporting

confidence: 84%

Chemical speciation of fine particle bound trace metals

Feng

Dang

Huang

et al. 2009

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

124

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ABSTRACT:This study reported quantifications of fine particle bound trace metals and their potential health risks for residents in Guangzhou, a rapidly developing and most populated city in South China. The fine particle samples were collected from October 29 th. to November 8 th. of 2006 at two different elevations in a mainly residential area and analyzed for the total concentration of aluminum, iron, zinc, lead, manganese, copper, arsenic, chromium, nickel, cadmium, molybdenum and cobalt. Results showed that the fine particle concentrations ranged from 95.8 µg/m 3 to 194.7 µg/m 3 at the ground and 83.3-190.0 µg/m 3 on the roof, which were much higher than the 24 h fine particle standard (35 µg/m 3 ) recommended by USEPA. The total concentrations of zinc, lead, arsenic, chromium and cadmium in fine particle were 504.8, 201.6, 24.3, 7.7 and 4.4 ng/m 3 , respectively, which were comparable to other major cities of China, but much higher than major cities outside of China. A sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate these fine particle bound metals into four different fractions. Results indicated that most toxic metals were mainly distributed in bioavailable fractions. For instance, about 91 % of cadmium, 85 % of lead and 74 % of arsenic were in bioavailable forms. Risk calculations with a simple exposure assessment model showed that the cancer risks of the bioavailable fractions of arsenic, chromium and cadmium were 3 to 33 times greater than usual goal, indicating serious health risks to the residents in this urban area.

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Section: Trace Metal Analysissupporting

confidence: 84%

Chemical speciation of fine particle bound trace metals

Feng

Dang

Huang

et al. 2009

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

124

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“…On the other hand, higher concentration of nitrate would relate with the artifact of HNO 3 from the evaporation of nitrate ammonium under the high temperature. Many earlier studies have also observed higher inorganic species concentrations in summer at Xi'an and Beijing (Duan et al, 2006;Cao et al, 2012;Hu et al, 2014). The high loadings of OC, EC and chloride in winter are likely related with vehicles, combustion emissions and the low temperature.…”

Section: Monthly Variations Of Chemical Components In Pm 25mentioning

confidence: 73%

“…A number of studies have dedicated to the characterization of particulate matter in recent years based on filters measurement and analysis in Beijing (He et al, 2001;Dan et al, 2004;Sun et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2005;Duan et al, 2006;Wu and Wang, 2007;Zhang et al, 2007;Pathak et al, 2009;Cao et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2013;Hu et al, 2014). These studies reported a lot of valuable results on PM and chemical composition in different years which make us understand aerosols properties better, but most of them focus on the characterization of aerosol at short-term measurements representing one or two seasons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition of PM2.5 Based on Two-Year Measurements at an Urban Site in Beijing

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In this study, the daily PM 2.5 atmospheric aerosols were collected on quartz and PTFE filters simultaneously from -displayed the highest in December and the lowest in July, which is related to the coal-combustion emission from heating. Three groups with high, medium and low PM 2.5 concentrations were categorized. SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, OC and NH 4 + accounted for 24%, 20%, 21% and 11% of sum of defined components in the high concentration days. In the medium and low concentrations, OC occupied large fractions of defined components. Mass closure was obtained for PTFE, but not for quartz. The PM 2.5 mass concentrations on quartz filters were about 50 µg m -3 higher than that on PTFE. The concentrations of water soluble ions on quartz filters were about 60-70% of that on PTFE filters. About 15-30% of PM 2.5 was considered as the contribution of water vapor, the artifact of water vapor on quartz filter should be noted in later research works. PM 2.5 displayed neutral during the year of 2008 and appeared acidic at the next year according to the calculation of cations/anion, concentration of hydrogen and acidic purity. Carbonaceous aerosols occupied same fractions in neutral and acidic aerosols. While sulfate and nitrate contributed 32% and 21% to PM 2.5 for acidic aerosols, and 22%, 17% of PM 2.5 from sulfate and nitrate for neutral aerosols.

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“…Elements, ions, and carbon fractions are often measured in PM 2.5 to better evaluate the adverse effects and to indicate contributing sources. Several studies have reported these measurements in China Chow et al, 2006;Deng et al, 2011;Duan et al, 2006;Gu et al, 2011;Guinot et al, 2007;He et al, 2001;Ho et al, 2006;Hu et al, 2010;Shen et al, 2007;So et al, 2007;Song et al, 2007;Sun et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2007;Wu et al, 2003;Xu et al, 2004;Yang et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2010;Zhang and Friedlander, 2000;Zhao et al, 2010), but the areas studied, sampling site zones of representation, sampling periods, variables measured, and analysis methods are of insufficient consistency to evaluate similarities and differences. Reported here are consistently characterized simultaneous winter and summer PM 2.5 mass and chemical concentrations obtained during 2003 at receptors with neighborhood and urban scale (Chow et al, 2002) in 14 of China's major cities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter and Summer PM_2.5 Chemical Compositions in Fourteen Chinese Cities

Cao

Shen

Chow

et al. 2012

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

384

176

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PM 2.5 in 14 of China's large cities achieves high concentrations in both winter and summer with averages >100 g m À3 being common occurrences. A grand average of 115 g m À3 was found for all cities, with a minimum of 27 g m À3 measured at Qingdao during summer and a maximum of 356 g m À3 at Xi'an during winter. Both primary and secondary PM 2.5 are important contributors at all of the cities and during both winter and summer. While ammonium sulfate is a large contributor during both seasons, ammonium nitrate contributions are much larger during winter. Lead levels are still high in several cities, reaching an average of 1.68 g m À3 in Xi'an. High correlations of lead with arsenic and sulfate concentrations indicate that much of it derives from coal combustion, rather than leaded fuels, which were phased out by calendar year 2000. Although limited fugitive dust markers were available, scaling of iron by its ratios in source profiles shows $20% of PM 2.5 deriving from fugitive dust in most of the cities. Multipollutant control strategies will be needed that address incomplete combustion of coal and biomass, engine exhaust, and fugitive dust, as well as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and ammonia gaseous precursors for ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate.Implications: PM 2.5 mass and chemical composition show large contributions from carbon, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and fugitive dust during winter and summer and across fourteen large cities. Multipollutant control strategies will be needed that address both primary PM 2.5 emissions and gaseous precursors to attain China's recently adopted PM 2.5 national air quality standards.

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Concentration and chemical characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China: 2001–2002

Cited by 248 publications

References 35 publications

Chemical speciation of fine particle bound trace metals

Chemical speciation of fine particle bound trace metals

Chemical Composition of PM2.5 Based on Two-Year Measurements at an Urban Site in Beijing

Winter and Summer PM_2.5 Chemical Compositions in Fourteen Chinese Cities

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Concentration and chemical characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China: 2001–2002

Cited by 248 publications

References 35 publications

Chemical speciation of fine particle bound trace metals

Chemical speciation of fine particle bound trace metals

Chemical Composition of PM2.5 Based on Two-Year Measurements at an Urban Site in Beijing

Winter and Summer PM2.5 Chemical Compositions in Fourteen Chinese Cities

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Winter and Summer PM_2.5 Chemical Compositions in Fourteen Chinese Cities