Conclusions from Procuring, Installing and Commissioning Six Large-Scale Helium Refrigerators at CERN

Barranco-Luque, M.; Claudet, S.; Erdt, W.; Frandsen, P.; Gayet, Philippe; Güsewell, D; Lebrun, Philippe; Schmid, Julia; Solheim, N.; Titcomb, C.; Wagner, U.; Winkler, Gunter

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_98

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…An expected result of the large relative weight given to electricity costs, was to drive the refrigerator designs to higher efficiency, now amounting to about 220 W/W @ 4.5 K or 30% of the Carnot cycle ( Figure 5). This was achieved not so much by improvement of efficiency of single components, such as heat exchangers or turbo-expanders, than by the arrangement of these components in carefully optimised cycles 19 . A less expected consequence of this technical-economical incentive policy has been to reduce the capital investment of the refrigerators.…”

Section: Efficiency Operation and Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

Economics of Large Helium Cryogenic Systems: Experience from Recent Projects at CERN

Claudet

Gayet

Lebrun

et al. 2000

Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

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Large projects based on applied superconductivity, such as particle accelerators, tokamaks or SMES, require powerful and complex helium cryogenic systems, the cost of which represents a significant, if not dominant fraction of the total capital and operational expenditure. It is therefore important to establish guidelines and scaling laws for costing such systems, based on synthetic estimators of their size and performance. Although such data has already been published for many years, the experience recently gathered at CERN with the LEP and LHC projects, which have de facto turned the laboratory into a major world cryogenic center, can be exploited to update this information and broaden the range of application of the scaling laws. We report on the economics of 4.5 K and 1.8 K refrigeration, cryogen distribution and storage systems, and indicate paths towards their cost-to-performance optimisation. ABSTRACTLarge projects based on applied superconductivity, such as particle accelerators, tokamaks or SMES, require powerful and complex helium cryogenic systems, the cost of which represents a significant, if not dominant fraction of the total capital and operational expenditure. It is therefore important to establish guidelines and scaling laws for costing such systems, based on synthetic estimators of their size and performance. Although such data has already been published for many years, the experience recently gathered at CERN with the LEP and LHC projects, which have de facto turned the laboratory into a major world cryogenic center, can be exploited to update this information and broaden the range of application of the scaling laws. We report on the economics of 4.5 K and 1.8 K refrigeration, cryogen distribution and storage systems, and indicate paths towards their cost-to-performance optimisation.

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Section: Efficiency Operation and Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

Economics of Large Helium Cryogenic Systems: Experience from Recent Projects at CERN

Claudet

Gayet

Lebrun

et al. 2000

Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

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“…The first years of commissioning and operation experience [9,10] were dedicated to tuning the cryoplants for the different operational modes and associated transients: cool down, compensation of the RF load during normal operation, recooling and refilling of SC cavity modules, restart and recovery after failure, warm up, etc……”

Section: Exploitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conclusions on 8 years operation of the LEP 4.5K refrigeration system at CERN

Bangert

Claudet²,

Gayet³

et al. 2002

AIP Conference Proceedings

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After 11 years of operation the Large Electron/Positron collider (LEP) was stopped in November 2000. Since 1993 a cryogenic system has been used to supply up to 72 superconducting (SC) cavity modules, using four large liquid-helium refrigerators at 4.5 K. We review eight years of operation of one of the world's largest helium cryogenic systems, its evolution and cooling capacity availability correlated to the LEP increasing energy program. Failure statistics, availability, recovery time after breakdowns and reliability are analyzed, and the most relevant problems encountered during the operation and their cure exposed. The operational organization is also briefly described. ABSTRACTAfter 11 years of operation the Large Electron/Positron collider (LEP) was stopped in November 2000. Since 1993 a cryogenic system has been used to supply up to 72 superconducting (SC) cavity modules, using four large liquid-helium refrigerators at 4.5 K. We review eight years of operation of one of the world's largest helium cryogenic systems, its evolution and cooling capacity availability correlated to the LEP increasing energy program. Failure statistics, availability, recovery time after breakdowns and reliability are analyzed, and the most relevant problems encountered during the operation and their cure exposed. The operational organization is also briefly described.

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Cost Optimization in Designing Modern Cryogenic Complexes of Large Superconductor Systems

et al. 2015

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An integrated method for enhancing energy efficiency of modern large-scale cryogenic complexes (annual energy consumption more than 100 GWh) that allow operation of superconducting magnets of particle accelerators is analyzed. Two conventional loops, namely, "cold" and "warm" (compressor), with subsequent separate optimization of each loop, are marked out in the cryogenic complex cycle. Separate optimization helps simplify the choice of optimal cycle pressure as well as the choice of the most efficient helium vapor evacuation for providing the required cryogenic temperature of 2 K.The phenomenon of complete loss of electrical resistance of metals at low temperatures, discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911, is currently used widely in many areas of science and technology. For instance, development of high-energy physics is inseparably linked with the introduction of modern physical instruments developed with application of superconductors. Superconducting magnets and resonator structures of superconductor particle accelerators are used in modern designs of charged-particle accelerators [1].At the current stage of development of devices for cryostatting large superconductor systems, enhancing energy efficiency is a pressing issue. For instance, the annual power consumption of the currently largest cryogenic system of CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2010-2012 did not drop below 230 GWh and was more than one-third of the total electric power consumed by all the systems of the LHC [2][3][4]. This index clearly shows the high energy capacity of modern cryogenic systems of large charged-particle accelerator complexes and makes it essential to enhance energy efficiency of such installations. Methods of Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Cryogenic SystemsAt the current level of development of engineering and technology, energy efficiency of cryogenic systems is achieved primarily by deep optimization of cryogenic cycles, in which case modernization of individual components (heat exchangers, turboexpanders, etc.) do not exert much influence on the overall efficiency [5].

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Conclusions from Procuring, Installing and Commissioning Six Large-Scale Helium Refrigerators at CERN

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

Economics of Large Helium Cryogenic Systems: Experience from Recent Projects at CERN

Economics of Large Helium Cryogenic Systems: Experience from Recent Projects at CERN

Conclusions on 8 years operation of the LEP 4.5K refrigeration system at CERN

Cost Optimization in Designing Modern Cryogenic Complexes of Large Superconductor Systems

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