Confidence level and feeling of knowing in question answering: The weight of inferential processes.

Costermans, Jean; Lories, Guy; Ansay, Catherine

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.1.142

Cited by 151 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…(Computationally, this equation was adopted because it is the simplest possible negative relation between the ICL and the response times, as found in Costermans et al, 1992, andMiner &Reder, 1994, and as previously used in, e.g., J. R. Anderson, 1991. ) If no response is output by the model (i.e., if the ICL is less than the predetermined threshold ), a new iteration starts with the chosen hypothesis (the chosen node) as the top-level stimulus.…”

Section: Modeling Incubation and Insight Using Clarionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is consistent with the assumption of multiple thresholds on ICLs in EII (see also Ohlsson, in press). Also, when a response is output by a problem solver, the ICL may be used to estimate the confidence level that one reports (Costermans et al, 1992;Miner & Reder, 1994). Third, Costermans et al (1992) showed that confidence levels are negatively related to response times, and their results suggest that this relation might be linear.…”

Section: Justification Of the Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, when a response is output by a problem solver, the ICL may be used to estimate the confidence level that one reports (Costermans et al, 1992;Miner & Reder, 1994). Third, Costermans et al (1992) showed that confidence levels are negatively related to response times, and their results suggest that this relation might be linear. Hence, EII assumes that response times are a negative (and possibly linear) function of the ICL when a response is output (see also J. R. Anderson, 1991).…”

Section: Justification Of the Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This threshold can vary as a function of task demands, and there might even be several thresholds for different levels of confidence (Bowers et al, 1990;Ohlsson, in press). Lastly, a negative relationship between the ICL and the response time is assumed (as in, e.g., J. R. Anderson, 1991;Costermans, Lories, & Ansay, 1992).…”

Section: Basic Principles Of the Eii Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incubation, insight, and creative problem solving: A unified theory and a connectionist model.

Hélie

Sun

2010

Psychological Review

322

217

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This article proposes a unified framework for understanding creative problem solving, namely, the explicit-implicit interaction theory. This new theory of creative problem solving constitutes an attempt at providing a more unified explanation of relevant phenomena (in part by reinterpreting/integrating various fragmentary existing theories of incubation and insight). The explicit-implicit interaction theory relies mainly on 5 basic principles, namely, (a) the coexistence of and the difference between explicit and implicit knowledge, (b) the simultaneous involvement of implicit and explicit processes in most tasks, (c) the redundant representation of explicit and implicit knowledge, (d) the integration of the results of explicit and implicit processing, and (e) the iterative (and possibly bidirectional) processing. A computational implementation of the theory is developed based on the CLARION cognitive architecture and applied to the simulation of relevant human data. This work represents an initial step in the development of process-based theories of creativity encompassing incubation, insight, and various other related phenomena.

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Section: Modeling Incubation and Insight Using Clarionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Justification Of the Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Justification Of the Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Basic Principles Of the Eii Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Incubation, insight, and creative problem solving: A unified theory and a connectionist model.

Hélie

Sun

2010

Psychological Review

322

217

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“…Some factors are anticipated by models of memory, such as the use of familiarity in paired-associate retrieval (Diller, Nobel, & Shiffrin, 2001) or feelings of knowing when searching for a question's answer (Barnes, Nelson, Dunlosky, Mazzoni, & Narens, 1999;Costermans, Lories, & Ansay, 1992;Nelson, Gerler, & Narens, 1984;Young, 2004). However, other variables likely are important, too.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivated to retrieve: How often are you willing to go back to the well when the well is dry?

Dougherty¹,

Harbison²

2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Despite the necessity of the decision to terminate memory search in many real-world memory tasks, little experimental work has investigated the underlying processes. In this study, the authors investigated termination decisions in free recall by providing participants an open-ended retrieval interval and requiring them to press a stop button when they had finished retrieving. Three variables important to assessing one's willingness to search memory were examined: (a) the time spent searching memory after the last successful retrieval before choosing to quit (the exit latency); (b) task difficulty; and (c) individual differences in motivation, as measured by Webster and Kruglanski's (1994) Need for Closure Scale. A strong negative correlation was found between individual differences in motivation and participants' exit latencies. This negative correlation was present only when the retrieval task started out as relatively difficult.Keywords: recall, memory retrieval, exit latency, stopping rules A fundamental component of memory retrieval is the decision to terminate search. This decision process characterizes many realworld memory retrieval tasks, from the generation of clinical diagnoses by physicians to the recollection of items from a grocery list left at home. Despite the necessity of the decision to terminate memory search in virtually all real-world tasks, little experimental work has investigated the underlying processes.Related to the issue of search termination is the question of what psychological factors affect one's willingness to continue to search memory. Some factors are anticipated by models of memory, such as the use of familiarity in paired-associate retrieval (Diller, Nobel, & Shiffrin, 2001) or feelings of knowing when searching for a question's answer (Barnes, Nelson, Dunlosky, Mazzoni, & Narens, 1999;Costermans, Lories, & Ansay, 1992;Nelson, Gerler, & Narens, 1984;Young, 2004). However, other variables likely are important, too. For example, you presumably would search memory longer for a relatively important task, such as retrieving your grandmother's medications upon admitting her for emergency care. In contrast, search might be truncated relatively quickly for a comparatively unimportant task, such as recollecting movies you recently watched to provide a recommendation for a friend. Variables such as the importance of the retrieval task and idiographic levels of motivation likely serve as important moderators in the process of determining the amount of time one is willing to search memory.In this article, we ask how long people will continue going back to the well (i.e., memory) when the well is dry (i.e., when retrieval has been unsuccessful). In addressing this question, we examined three variables important to assessing one's willingness to search memory: (a) the time spent searching memory after the last successful retrieval before choosing to quit; (b) task difficulty; and (c) individual differences in motivation, as measured by Webster and Kruglanski's (1994) Need for Closure (NFC) ...

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Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and accurate feeling-of-knowing judgments

et al. 1997

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Many Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) patients complain of memory impairments which have been difficult to document empirically. Subjective complaints of memory impairment may be due to a deficit in metamemory judgment. CFS patients and matched controls were tested with a computerized Trivia Information Quiz that required them to rate their confidence about correctly recognizing an answer in a multiple choice format that they had been unable to remember in a fact-recall format. Even though CFS patients reported significantly greater amounts of fatigue, cognitive, and physical symptoms, the accuracy of their confidence levels and recognition responses were similar to controls. This finding suggests that a metamemory deficit is not the cause of the memory problems reported by CFS patients.

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Confidence level and feeling of knowing in question answering: The weight of inferential processes.

Cited by 151 publications

References 35 publications

Incubation, insight, and creative problem solving: A unified theory and a connectionist model.

Incubation, insight, and creative problem solving: A unified theory and a connectionist model.

Motivated to retrieve: How often are you willing to go back to the well when the well is dry?

Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and accurate feeling-of-knowing judgments

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