Conflat Two and Three Electrode Electrochemical Cells

Periyapperuma, Kalani; Tran, Tuan T.; Trussler, S.; Ioboni, Douglas; Obrovac, M. N.

doi:10.1149/2.0721414jes

Cited by 24 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Similar to APC, the dual salt electrolyte also shows reversible metal stripping/plating at the Mg anode and an anodic stability up to 3.2 V with an Mo cathode current collector (Figure S3, Supporting Information). A series of MgLi dual salt electrolytes with fixed 0.2 m APC concentration and different LiCl concentrations were examined with both PBA materials in three‐electrode cells at a current density of 10 mA g −1 (≈C/10, where 1C corresponds to a 1 e − transfer per PBA formula). As the LiCl concentration increases up to 0.5 m , the capacity also increases until it reaches the maximum value achieved in this study of 125 mAh g −1 for both 23‐PBA ( Figure a) and 07‐PBA (Figure b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prussian Blue MgLi Hybrid Batteries

2016

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The major advantage of Mg batteries relies on their promise of employing an Mg metal negative electrode, which offers much higher energy density compared to graphitic carbon. However, the strong coulombic interaction of Mg2+ ions with anions leads to their sluggish diffusion in the solid state, which along with a high desolvation energy, hinders the development of positive electrode materials. To circumvent this limitation, Mg metal negative electrodes can be used in hybrid systems by coupling an Li+ insertion cathode through a dual salt electrolyte. Two “high voltage” Prussian blue analogues (average 2.3 V vs Mg/Mg2+; 3.0 V vs Li/Li+) are investigated as cathode materials and the influence of structural water is shown. Their electrochemical profiles, presenting two voltage plateaus, are explained based on the two unique Fe bonding environments. Structural water has a beneficial impact on the cell voltage. Capacities of 125 mAh g−1 are obtained at a current density of 10 mA g−1 (≈C/10), while stable performance up to 300 cycles is demonstrated at 200 mA g−1 (≈2C). The hybrid cell design is a step toward building a safe and high density energy storage system.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prussian Blue MgLi Hybrid Batteries

2016

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“…The average electrode loading was 2.4 mg/cm 2 . Conflat cells, as described in reference [10], were constructed using sputtered disc or composite lead electrodes and Mg foil (99.95%, 0.25 mm thick, Gallium Source, LLC, Scotts Valley, CA) counter/reference electrodes. All cells were constructed in an argon filled glovebox.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Reversible Magnesiation of Pb

Periyapperuma

Tran

Purcell

et al. 2015

Electrochimica Acta

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“…Several groups have already detected these errors and some possible solutions have been proposed to minimize measurement artifacts in three-electrode setups. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Approaches with different materials, such as pure lithium metal 7,8 or lithium iron phosphate, 11 as well as with different geometries, mostly point- 5 or ring-shaped, 8 have previously been reported in literature. La Mantia et al 12 very recently presented a promising novel setup using an LFP-coated stainless steel mesh.…”

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confidence: 99%

Three-Electrode Setups for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Costard

Ender

Weiss

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

113

106

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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a well-established technique for investigating the loss processes that take place in lithium-ion batteries with different characteristic time constants. Three-electrode setups are needed to separate the contributions of working electrode (WE) and counter electrode (CE), but often suffer from measurement artifacts. This paper is the second part of a two-part paper dealing with the roots of these distortions: (I) electrochemical and (II) geometric asymmetry. The first part presents a theoretical examination by FEM simulation and the second part details the corresponding real-world measurements. The simulation results were confirmed: electrochemical and geometric asymmetry lead to artifacts for point-like reference electrodes but not for mesh reference electrodes. The geometric characteristics of the mesh reference electrode are crucial (thin wire and an open weave are essential). Furthermore, a possible realization of a mesh reference electrode setup is presented, using an aluminum mesh coated with Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 powder as reference electrode. This combination was then validated by additional measurements in symmetric cells. Additionally, the benefits of using the proposed setup for recording quasi-equilibrium potential curves and for performing rate capability experiments are demonstrated. This Part II of the paper presents an experimental work, which validates the simulations of Part I. Part I presents the theory and results of FEM simulations on three-electrode cells, where the working electrode (WE), counter electrode (CE) and reference electrode (RE) differ by geometric characteristics and placement.Lithium-ion batteries receive ever-growing attention due to their potentially high energy and power densities, which would be essential for automotive applications. Electrodes with improved energy density are needed to increase vehicle ranges, but in practice only those with long lifetimes, good rate capability and a high safety level will be selected. Candidate materials are usually assessed by a combination of different electrochemical measurements, including capacity tests and impedance measurements.Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is well established for identifying dominant loss processes in electrodes, and across different time-scales.1 Such studies are usually performed in half-cell setups, using lithium metal as the counter electrode.2 However, this type of counter electrode often dominates the sum of impedance contributions and adds a stochastic component to the measurement data.3,4 To investigate the working electrode (WE) without influences from the counter electrode (CE), a three-electrode setup is necessary. This means that a third "reference" electrode (RE) is inserted into the cell, providing a constant reference potential by ensuring a constant lithium-ion activity. The setups for such measurements can be challenging and often lead to measurement errors. Several groups have already detected these errors and some possible solutions have bee...

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Conflat Two and Three Electrode Electrochemical Cells

Cited by 24 publications

References 16 publications

Prussian Blue MgLi Hybrid Batteries

Prussian Blue MgLi Hybrid Batteries

The Reversible Magnesiation of Pb

Three-Electrode Setups for Lithium-Ion Batteries

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