“…Most of these studies concluded that the academic performance of students had not based on a single factor (Loo, 2017;Lynch & Hennessy, 2017;Mollaeva, 2017;Nogueira, Barros, & Sequeira, 2017;Shoaib, Tariq, Shahzadi, & Ali, 2022). Multiple factors were contributing including classroom environment (Blewitt & Shane, 2019;Shoaib, Anwar, & Rasool, 2022), students' home background (Boateng, Asare, Manu, Sefah, & Adomako, 2020;, study culture (Houtte, 2004;Shoaib, Ali, Anwar, & Abdullah, 2022), the role of teacher Dee, 2006), previous education (Ali et al, 2022;Selvig, Holaday, Purkiss, & Hortsch, 2015), and personal efforts (Arshad, Zaidi, & Mahmood, 2015;Shoaib & Ullah, 2021a). On the other hand, several researchers used different methodological approaches to study students' academic performance in higher education institutions including qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods, observation, content analysis, experiments, and bibliometric analysis (Ali & Naveed, 2020;Allam, 2020;Caliskan, Akin, & Engin-Demir, 2020;Du, Yang, Shelton, Hung, & Zhang, 2021;Gomez, 2020;Hayes & Findlow, 2020;Kuzhabekova, 2021;Shoaib & Ullah, 2021b;Tripathi, 2019).…”