Conservation and conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The impacts of warfare, mining, and protected areas on deforestation

<b>Camera-trapping survey to assess diversity, distribution and photographic capture rate of terrestrial mammals in the aftermath of the ethnopolitical conflict in Manas National Park, Assam, India</b>

“…This is especially true in sites where armed conflict has complicated conservation efforts (Hanson et al 2009;Daskin & Pringle 2018) and impacted species populations and habitats. There is no general consensus as to whether conflicts have positive impacts on wildlife (through relaxing pressure on wildlife when people avoid combat zones or the decline of extractive industries; Hallagan 1981;Butsic et al 2015) or negative impacts (through direct killing from the use of ordnance and chemicals or bushmeat hunting by soldiers; Orians & Pfeiffer 1970;de Merode et al 2007;Beyers et al 2011). Thus it is critical to assess the effects of conflict on biodiversity.…”

Cartographie De La Dynamique De Terroirs Villageois À L’aide D’un Drone Dans Les Aires Protégées De La République Démocratique Du Congo

“…Celles-ci sont aujourd'hui parmi les plus vulnérables au monde (Butsic et al, 2015). En RDC, la perte de couvert forestier au sein des aires protégées a en effet augmenté de 64 % entre 2000 et 2010 (Potapov et al, 2012).…”

“…La télédétection est en effet un outil efficace pour surveiller l'évolution de l'occupation des sols et détecter les changements d'habitat notamment au sein des aires proté-gées (Spanhove et al, 2012 ;Nagendra et al, 2015), que ce soit en relation avec l'évolution démographique et l'urbanisation (Svancara et al, 2009 ;Wang et al, 2009), l'expansion des cultures (Phalan et al, 2013), l'impact des conflits armés, ou encore l'exploitation minière (Butsic et al, 2015).…”

Trans-Border Trade, Minerals, and Civil War Impacts on Land Use and Land Cover Change in GOMA, Eastern Congo: An Integrated Geospatial Technologies and Political Economy Approach

“…In discussing factors that likely contribute to land-use and land cover change at local level, Lambin, et al [22] provide a list of four synergetic factors: (i) changing opportunities created by the markets, (ii) outside policy intervention, (iii) loss of adaptive capacity, and (iv) changes in social organization and attitudes. At the global stage, other studies report changes in land cover and land use driven by human activities (Auch, et al [1]; Zaidi, et al, [53]; Butsic, et al, [3]) as one of the driving forces of land cover and land use change around the world. These activities range from exploration and exploitation of gas and oil (Duncan, et al [15]; Yu, et al [52]), dramatic social change (Vlassenroot and Büscher, [47]), urbanization (De Sherbinin, et al [10]), forest exploitation (Draulans and Van Krunkelsven, [13]; Carr, [5]), mineral resources exploitation (Hayes and Burge, [19]; Institute for Environment Security, [20]), and shelter for refugees and internally displaced persons (United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2010), to biophysical forces that may drive land use and land cover change (Lambin, et al [22]).…”

“…The flow of internal displaced persons (IDPs) continued to other provinces as the rebellion was moving westward to overthrow Mobutu regime in May 1997 (Nzongola-Ntalaja, [29], p.225; Turner, [40], p.2; Raleigh and Hegre, [32]). Eastern forest areas including the Virunga National Park (VNP) experienced tremendous pressure as population expanded (United Nations Environment Programme Centre World Conservation Monitoring, 2010; Draulans and Van Krunkelsven, [13]; Butsic, et al [3]). During 1998-2003, a new war erupted as a result of deterioration of relation between Kabila regime and its allies, Rwanda and Uganda (Hayes and Burge, [19]).…”