Conservation biological control using fungal entomopathogens

Pell, J. K.; Hannam, Joshua J.; Steinkraus, Donald C.

doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3966-8_13

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Isaria fumosorosea , Beauveria bassiana , Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium spp., are all commercially available as microbial pesticides (Copping, ). However, entomopathogenic fungi can be negatively affected by fungicides, with the result that their biological control potential can be reduced if both products are used together (Clark et al ., ; Loria et al ., ; Saito & Yabuta, ; Pell et al ., ; D'Alessandro et al ., ). While the harmful effects of fungicides on entomopathogenic fungi are typically avoided by employing extended intervals between the application of each agent (Gardner et al ., ; Bruck, ), these intervals can complicate the effective and practical use of both products in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced fungicide resistance inIsaria fumosoroseafollowing ionizing radiation-induced mutagenesis

Shinohara

Fitriana

Satoh

et al. 2013

FEMS Microbiol Lett

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The application of entomopathogenic fungi such as Isaria fumosorosea to combat insect pests on plants is complicated by their sensitivity to commonly used fungicides. In this study, I. fumosorosea mutants with enhanced resistance to the fungicide benomyl were induced by irradiation using either ion beams or gamma rays, or a combination of the two. When grown on agar containing benomyl, mycelial growth was observed for five of the six mutant isolates at benomyl concentrations that were more than 2000-fold those observed for the wild-type isolate (EC50 : > 5000 mg L(-1) c.f. EC50 : 2.5 mg L(-1) for the wild-type isolate). The mutant isolates evaluated also showed enhanced resistance to other fungicides at recommended field application rates. No differences were observed at the β-tubulin locus between the wild-type and the mutant isolates, suggesting that the enhanced benomyl resistance was not attributable to mutations in that gene. Ion beams and gamma rays are thus potentially useful tools for inducing beneficial fungal mutations and thereby improving the potential for application of entomopathogenic fungi as microbial control agents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced fungicide resistance inIsaria fumosoroseafollowing ionizing radiation-induced mutagenesis

Shinohara

Fitriana

Satoh

et al. 2013

FEMS Microbiol Lett

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“…For example, pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), which are a model system for the study of host-symbiont dynamics, are protected against the fungal entomopathogen Pandora neoaphidis (Zygomycota: Entomophthorales) by several facultative, vertically transmitted bacteria, including the gammaproteobacteria Regiella insecticola (8,9). Fungi are important natural pathogens of aphids (10) and are used in biocontrol (11,12), and symbiont-mediated protection to fungi is likely an important factor influencing the population dynamics of aphids and their symbionts. However, aphids encounter several diverse species of fungal pathogens in the wild (13).…”

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confidence: 99%

Symbiont-Mediated Protection against Fungal Pathogens in Pea Aphids: a Role for Pathogen Specificity?

Parker

Spragg

Altincicek

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

109

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Here we show that a bacterial endosymbiont, Regiella insecticola, protects pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) from the aphidspecific fungal entomopathogen Zoophthora occidentalis but not from the generalist insect fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana. This finding highlights the complex influence of fungi on the dynamics of this economically important agricultural pest. Symbiotic relationships between invertebrates and vertically transmitted microbes are widespread. One feature of this mutualistic relationship is that symbionts depend on host resources for their own survival and reproduction (1), and theory therefore predicts that in the absence of manipulation of host reproduction, beneficial symbionts must provide a fitness advantage to spread through a host population (2). Studying ecologically relevant traits conferred to hosts by symbionts is critical for understanding host-microbe dynamics, and researchers have therefore searched for fitness advantages of harboring symbionts in a number of systems. Several recent studies have shown that one advantage conferred by some symbionts is protection against pathogens and parasites (3-7). For example, pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), which are a model system for the study of host-symbiont dynamics, are protected against the fungal entomopathogen Pandora neoaphidis (Zygomycota: Entomophthorales) by several facultative, vertically transmitted bacteria, including the gammaproteobacteria Regiella insecticola (8, 9). Fungi are important natural pathogens of aphids (10) and are used in biocontrol (11, 12), and symbiont-mediated protection to fungi is likely an important factor influencing the population dynamics of aphids and their symbionts. However, aphids encounter several diverse species of fungal pathogens in the wild (13). It is not known if Regiella-conferred protection is specific to Pandora or if it extends to other species of fungus as well, which would suggest that multiple fungal species are influencing aphid-Regiella dynamics. We therefore exposed pea aphids, with and without symbionts, to two additional species of fungal pathogens: Zoophthora occidentalis (Zygomycota: Entomophthorales), a highly aphid-specific entomopathogen, and Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), a generalist that has been found in a variety of hosts, including species of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera (13-15). These fungal species are highly divergent (with some estimates as high as 1,000 million years ago [16]), but both species reproduce by passively releasing spores (conidia) that penetrate the cuticle of a suitable host. Mycelia then colonize the host's body tissue until the death of the host, when new spores are produced and released into the environment.We used two aphid genotypes, both with and without Regiella present (5A, collected in the wild in 1999 near Madison, WI, and subsequently injected with Regiella symbionts from an aphid collected in Tompkins County, NY, in 2000; and LSR1, collected on alfalfa near Ithaca, NY, in 1998 with a natural Regiella infection and t...

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“…B. bassiana is a facultative pathogen of insects that can grow as a saprophyte and does not require an insect host, yet it maintains a broad host range and is virulent toward diverse insect and other arthropod species. Considered environmentally friendly and EPA approved as a biological control agent, B. bassiana is being developed as an alternative to chemical pesticides (30,35,43). However, several obstacles remain with regard to practical applications of these types of fungi, particularly in regards to the relatively low rate of killing of the target host compared to that of chemical pesticides and their relatively low resistance to abiotic stress, such as temperature and UV irradiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of the gas1 Gene of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana, Encoding a Putative Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored β-1,3-Glucanosyltransferase, to Conidial Thermotolerance and Virulence

Zhang

Xia

Keyhani

2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Beauveria bassianais a mycoinsecticide alternative to chemicals for use in biological pest control. The fungus-insect interaction is also an emerging model system to examine unique aspects of the development, pathogenesis, and diversity of fungal lifestyles. The glycoside hydrolase 72 (GH72) family includes β-1,3-glucanosyltransferases that are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall-modeling enzymes affecting fungal physiology. A putativeB. bassianaGPI-anchored β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase (Bbgas1) was isolated and characterized.B. bassianatargeted gene knockouts lackingBbgas1were affected in Congo red and salt sensitivity but displayed minor growth defects in the presence of sorbitol, SDS, or calcofluor white. Lectin and antibody mapping of surface carbohydrates revealed increased exposure of carbohydrate epitopes, including β-1,3-glucans, in the ΔBbgas1strain. Transmission electron micrographs revealed localized destabilization of the cell wall in ΔBbgas1conidia, in which fraying of the outer cell wall was apparent. Heat shock temperature sensitivity profiling showed that in contrast to the wild-type parent, ΔBbgas1conidial spores displayed decreased germination after 1 to 4 h of heat shock at temperatures >40°C, and propidium iodide exclusion assays revealed decreased membrane stability in the knockout strain at temperatures >50°C. The ΔBbgas1knockout showed reduced virulence inGalleria mellonellainsect bioassays in both topical and intrahemocoel-injection assays.B. bassianaΔBbgas1strains complemented with the completeBbgas1open reading frame were indistinguishable from the wild-type parent in all phenotypes examined. TheBbgas1gene did not complement the phenotype of aSaccharomyces cerevisiaeβ-1,3-glucanosyltransferaseΔgas1mutant, indicating that this family of enzymes likely posses discrete cellular functions.

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Conservation biological control using fungal entomopathogens

Cited by 19 publications

References 86 publications

Enhanced fungicide resistance inIsaria fumosoroseafollowing ionizing radiation-induced mutagenesis

Enhanced fungicide resistance inIsaria fumosoroseafollowing ionizing radiation-induced mutagenesis

Symbiont-Mediated Protection against Fungal Pathogens in Pea Aphids: a Role for Pathogen Specificity?

Contribution of the gas1 Gene of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana, Encoding a Putative Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored β-1,3-Glucanosyltransferase, to Conidial Thermotolerance and Virulence

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