The article contains sections titled:
1.
Introduction
2.
Properties
2.1.
Physical Properties
2.2.
Chemical Properties
3.
Raw Materials
3.1.
Natural Resources
3.2.
Tungsten Scrap
4.
Production
4.1.
Mining and Ore Beneficiation
4.2.
Pretreatment of Ore Concentrates and Scrap
4.3.
Hydrometallurgy
4.3.1.
Digestion
4.3.2.
Purification
4.3.3.
Conversion of Sodium Tungstate Solution to Ammonium Tungstate Solution
4.3.4.
Crystallization of Ammonium Paratungstate (APT)
4.4.
Production of Tungsten Oxides
4.5.
Production of Tungsten Metal Powder
4.6.
Production of High‐Purity Tungsten Metal (99.999 ‐ 99.9999%)
4.7.
Powder Metallurgy (PM)
4.8.
Metal Injection Molding
4.8.1
MIM Process Overview
4.8.2
General Guidelines
4.8.3
MIM of Tungsten, Tungsten Alloys, Tungsten–Copper Composites, Tungsten Heavy Alloy, and Cemented Carbide
4.9.
Additive Manufacturing of Tungsten and Cemented Carbides (WC–Co)
4.10.
Fabrication of Wrought PM Tungsten
4.10.1.
Shaping–Mill Products
4.10.2
Mechanical Bonding of Tungsten to Tungsten and Other Metals
4.11.
Surface Treatment
4.12.
Melting
5.
Tungsten Alloys
5.1.
Single‐Phase Solid‐Solution Alloys
5.2.
Multiphase Alloys
5.2.1
Tungsten Heavy Metals
5.2.2.
Tungsten–Copper and Tungsten–Silver Composites
5.2.3.
Non‐Sag Tungsten
5.2.4
Alloys with Oxide Dispersions
5.2.5
Porous, Infiltrated Tungsten
6.
Uses of Tungsten
6.1.
Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys
6.2.
Cemented Carbides (WC–Co)
6.3.
Tungsten Coatings
7.
Tungsten in Melting Metallurgy of Steel and Superalloys
7.1.
Tungsten in Steel
7.2.
Tungsten in Superalloys
7.3.
Master Alloys
7.3.1
Ferrotungsten
7.3.2.
Tungsten Melting Base
7.3.3.
Master Alloys for Superalloys
7.4.
Production of Master Alloys
7.4.1.
Production of Ferrotungsten
7.4.2.
Production of Tungsten Melting Base
7.4.3.
Production of Master Alloys for Superalloys
8.
Tungsten Compounds and Their Application
8.1.
Tungsten Chemistry
8.2.
Aqueous Solutions of Tungsten
8.3.
Intermetallic Compounds
8.4.
Compounds with Nonmetals
8.4.1.
Tungsten–Boron Compounds
8.4.2.
Tungsten–Carbon Compounds
8.4.3.
Tungsten–Silicon Compounds
8.4.4.
Tungsten–Group 15 Compounds
8.4.5.
Tungsten–Oxygen Compounds
8.4.6.
Tungsten–Chalcogenide Compounds
8.4.7.
Tungsten–Halogenide Compounds
9.
Tungsten in Catalysis
10.
Tungsten Recycling
10.1.
Direct Recycling
10.2.
Semi‐Direct Methods
10.3.
Hydrometallurgy
10.4.
Melting Metallurgy
11.
Analysis
11.1.
Raw Materials
11.2.
High Purity Intermediate Products, Tungsten Powder and Sintered Tungsten Metal
11.3
Trace Elements in High‐Purity Tungsten Metal
12.
Economic Aspects
12.1.
Production
12.2.
Consumption
12.3
Price
13.
Toxicology and Occupational Health
13.1.
Toxicokinetics
13.2.
Acute Toxicity
13.3.
Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity
13.4.
Genotoxicity
13.5.
Carcinogenicity
13.6.
Reproductive Toxicity
13.7.
Developmental Toxicity
13.8.
Immunotoxicity
13.9.
Human Biomonitoring Data
13.10.
Occupational Health
14.
Acknowledgements